The Age of Information Technology

Before computerization era becomes a mandatory for commerce, employees used to enter and maintain information in books then they had to look up the required information and perform any calculations and designs. Such critical tasks are definitely prone to human errors that any employee could perform any miscalculation. Given the importance of information processing in the commerce, it is not surprising that business of any types was among the earliest adopters of automated information processing technology.Historically, daily operation in commerce requires high accuracy and reliable process that only a small group of staff can handle such tasks. For this reason, the use of computers in commerce or trade in any industries has deliberately increased year by year since they are designed to handle sophisticated tasks like storing and retrieving large amounts of information and at making calculations and designs at highest accuracy. 1. 2 The Coming of Convergence Era In general, communicat ion refers to exchange of ideas between two people or more and it is slightly different from that of telecommunication.According to National Telecommunication and Information Administration in United States, telecommunication relates to any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. In fact, telecommunication supports the way people communicate and vice versa, especially in digital era. The coming of digital technology, known as the representation of two binary digits: ‘0’ and ‘1’, few decades ago has enabled us to convert any kind of information (voice, data, and video) into other forms.This advantage of digital age, in turn, enables us to experience the era where people can communicate in many forms: voice (through telephone, handy talky etc), data (short message services/SMS, facsimile etc), and video (video streaming, video con ference etc). This situation refers to the era people call as the convergence in digital technologies. The convergence of digital technologies including television, telephony, and computers has stimulated the reach of the innovations of the Internet that grew from inter-university computer networks in United States.Furthermore, the growing popularity in those multimedia services, in fact, has increased the demand for Internet bandwidth. However, there has been no convergence on either the economics or the future policy framework of the Internet. While emerging information and communication technologies have strengthened the Internet community, we lack of economic and policy issues that must exist to sustain the growth and expand the scope of the Internet. I. 3 Why A Company Need Broadband Access? I. 3. 1 Definition of BroadbandBy definition broadband is a high-speed transmission. This word is nowadays common in telecommunication and internet industry to describe Internet access via cable modems or DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), which provide faster connection than dial-up connection can do. Although, the terminology of broadband has been around for years, however, we will encounter different standard concerning the speed limit that the broadband provides. According to Answer. com, there are scholars that define broadband as connection with T1 (1. 5 Mbps) as the threshold.However, others might refer broadband as high-speed connection up to T3 (45 Mbps). For instances, after the turn of the century, South Korea refers broadband Internet as DSL connection that provides up to 50 Mbps while they call 1. 5 Mbps service as light â€Å"connection† although other countries might consider the 1. 5 Mbps connection as broadband access. In short, we might provide analogy for broadband vs. dial up connection likes a brand new sports car and a horse drawn carriage implying the distant difference between the two connections in terms of speed.I. 3. 2 Benefits of Having Broadband Access Although the term of broadband has been widely used in telecommunication and computer industry, we might entice to find out what the real benefits of using broadband connection for both individuals and corporations. In an article titled â€Å"why do I need broadband? †, there is at least five obvious benefits for both individuals or corporations in relation to the use of broadband. They are as following: ? Broadband refers to â€Å"always on† connection.Unlike dial up connection services that demand users to wait some time to get their costly modem connected into Internet, broadband provide more comfortable services since they should not wait for connections or invest in costly multiple modems ? Since broadband is an â€Å"always connected† services, the charging method for subscribers of broadband access is fixed price per month. This situation benefits both users and service providers since they are able to budget their expense every month ? B roadband connection is also relatively easy and simple to install (depending on how many PCs require broadband access)? Broadband connection has no relation with the use of telephone lines so that individuals or corporations can employ the lines more effectively for other purpose ? At minimum, broadband connection provides users 40 times faster than dial-up. In addition, subscribers can choose the broadband option best suited to their business I. 3. 3 Broadband, What for Once an individual or corporation has broadband access, they might question what the high-speed connection for if they do not have specific need for such high-speed connection.Therefore, as broadband connection likes DSL is only a medium or a pipe, we should first consider what kind of information that they can deliver through the pipe. A good example of the use of broadband access is the Marriott, a famous hotel chain. They employ broadband connections for the benefits of communications between hotels within the ch ain and for the customers as well. Their objective in relation to broadband access is to meet the inflexible demands of today’s meetings and business travel. Depending upon customers’ needs, they offer high-speed Internet connections, superb sound and lighting systems, LCD projectors, and printers.Moreover, Marriott provide an extraordinary level of connectivity and productivity with their high-speed wired Internet access. Perfect for real-time, interactive training sessions, rearrangement event schedules, and carry outing safe chat sessions, high-speed Internet gets 50 times faster than dial-up modem services (â€Å"Onsite Services†). In this manner, we can view what the Marriot do is match the customers needs. This is true since for some people, wireless LAN (Local Area Network) or WLAN connection will make business travel more productive.It possible to gaining the flexibility and freedom to work and play on the go with excellent mobile performance and wireles s LAN ability with the new Intel ® Centrinoâ„ ¢ mobile technology Mutual with limitless mobile positions, a Satellite Video Conference can present us: ? Capability to communicate in real time – without audio or video delay ? Infinite location flexibility ? Protected data broadcast through encryption services ? Television-quality production and distribution ? The alternative to distribute live or prerecorded programming? Two-way communication when grouped with audio conferencing services (â€Å"Onsite Services†) II. J. MILOPOYLOS LTD In this section, we will provide the use of Broadband for the benefits of a Greece company named J. MILOPOYLOS LTD. Things to be discussed including consideration in implementing broadband and mobile network within the company’s network and its strategy to employ the broadband into full potential. II. 1 Background of the Company J. MILOPOYLOS LTD was founded in 1984. The company is the exclusive or sole representative and import er of the Swiss ice creams named Movenpick.Nowadays, Movenpick are in the category of premium ice cream, they are prepared from materials of high quality and are addressed in all the consumers primarily of high incomes. The distribution includes the market catering (packing of 5 liters) in selectively hotels, restaurants and cruiser ship and the retail market in certain supermarkets. Movenpick range includes also the homonym coffee that is imported and distributed in the same channels as the ice cream. II. 2 Consideration of Implementing Broadband for J. MILOPOYLOS LTDIt is quite to tempting to associate â€Å"right technologies† with sophisticated new machines, robots, or any interactive holographic assistants. It turns out that the right technologies for small business might be merely a desktop computer or simply a digital voice recorder, depending on the type of business we compete. Lisa Kanarek (2004), the founder of HomeOfficeLife. com and the author of some books on hom e office business, offers six ways for home or small business in deploying appropriate technologies that will increase productivity effectively and efficiently as follows:In this situation, therefore, technology will help J. MILOPOYLOS LTD to save time while increase the company’s efficiency. More importantly, once J. MILOPOYLOS LTD finds out the benefits of broadband for the company’s business, they should define what things can be customized by broadband connection for their needs. Therefore, they should learn how to benefit the broadband connection and take time to use it. Equipping office of J. MILOPOYLOS LTD with the right technology will help the company to increase their productivity.However, the technology in like broadband connection, PC, printer, fax, or any other electronic equipment, is only tools. The person using them determines whether the tools effectively and efficiently help completing tasks or just become expensive and cute decoration on our workstat ions. Furthermore, users are responsible for maintaining their data and desktop computers while IT department, if any, are responsible to provide and create any supporting applications that helps users completing tasks efficiently and effectively.Under such circumstances, the most important consideration of subscribing broadband connection for J. MILOPOYLOS LTD is to ensure that the company knows what the technology can benefit them, define and create value added services based on the broadband connection, and make sure that all employees know how to operate them. II. 3 Broadband Strategy for J. MILOPOYLOS LTD The advancement in communications and internet technologies has spawn a new model of the world’s economy, borderless economy. The terminology refers to the existence of cross-nations or even cross-continents trade, commerce, and other economics process.In internet era, companies need to remember that the Web is inherently global – when a company launches a Web si te, it is accessible by a worldwide audience. Jennifer Lawton from the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, reminds that Once we look at an e-commerce solution, we will need to consider the flow of information from our Web site into back-office operations. For instances, what we want when a customer pushes a button on our website whether it bring the customer into a client database, send shipping instructions to a warehouse, or charge a credit card.Therefore, Lawton suggests that E-commerce is just a part of how we run business. The success of your online business lies on how attractive our products are. Under such circumstances, we suggest that J. MILOPOYLOS LTD create an attractive website in order to increase the sales volume from the increasing use of the distribution channels including the market catering (packing of 5 liters) in selectively hotels, restaurants and cruiser ship and the retail market in certain supermarkets.The web site also benefits the company since prospective buyers can find useful information regarding the company’s products ranging from the imported homonym coffee to ice cream from the company’s website. The condition suggests that J. MILOPOYLOS LTD should have sustainable Supply Chain Management in order to reduce inventory, referring to assumption that products are available when needed. Therefore, it will improve the time-to-market of products, reduce costs, and allow all parties in the supply chain to manage current resources and plan for future needs.In typical Japanese manufacturing, the idea of having the time-to-market of products is done through Just in Time (JIT) system. In addition, to obtain successful SCM, O’Brien and Springman (2004) suggests that companies should balance supply and demand since focusing entirely on the supply side may result in unnecessary capital expenditures, inventory investments or suboptimal solutions. Therefore, to best optimize the total supply chain, supply chain managers must have a detailed understanding of customer demand and then to manage this demand patterns of their customers.Above all, to provide reliable internet access for prospective buyers in looking at information of the company’s product and to sustain a large quantity of supply chain, therefore J. MILOPOYLOS LTD should subscribe broadband connection in order to prevent error in connection. Above figure is typical broadband connection for J. MILOPOYLOS LTD with connection speed up to 45 Mbps. The fast connection is important for the company in order to provide their customers with comfortable connection like being in a highway so that any transactions.In the picture, we use fiber optics as transmission medium since it provides greater reliability than coaxial or satellite. In the server, the company might place several pages of websites that are related to the company’s business like a page for conducting online transaction, pages for showing pictures of the comp any’s product, and a home page that navigating customers to browse over the websites’ contents. Bibliography Arnold, David. 2004, ‘Strategies for Entering and Developing International Markets’, InformIT, [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. informit. com/search‘Broadband’, [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at http://www. answers. com/topic/broadband Greguras, Fred M. ‘How is Electronic Commerce Changing Global Business? ’ [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at http://www. fenwick. com/docstore/publications/corporate/Changing_Global_Business. pdf. Kanarek, Lisa. ‘Make the Most of Technology in Your Small Business’, SCORE. [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. score. org/om_8. html Lawton, Jennifer. ‘E-commerce: Is It Right for my Small Business? ’ SCORE. [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at http://www. score. org/eb_10. html McKnight, Lee W. and Joseph P.Bailey. 1995, ‘An Introduction to Internet Economics’, University of Michigan Press. [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. press. umich. edu/jep/works/McKniIntro. html O’Brien, Kevin and Brian Springman. 2004, ‘Optimizing Supply Chains, Understanding Demands’, CRM Buyer. [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at ‘Onsite Services’, 2005, [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://marriott. com/meeting/meetings/onsiteServices. mi? WT_Ref=mi_left ‘Why do I need broadband? ’ Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. startups. co. uk/YUAsx-poP66y3A. html

Marks And Spencer Plc Commerce Essay

Get downing in UK as a penny shop in 1880s, Michael Marks and Top Spencer started the company we know today as Marks and Spencer plc. Simon Marks, the boy of Michael Marks took over the running of the concern and introduced the nucleus principals of the concern. The nucleus principals, which remained unchanged for most of their history, included the usage of simple monetary value policies, first-class quality of merchandises under the â€Å" St. Michael † trade name name, promoting and working with the providers straight to guarantee their procedures were modern and of the highest criterions and better the concern in efficiency and besides by organizing close relationships between the employees and the clients. By runing with a centralized distribution system and holding control over the full procedure, enabled to them have the same quality and make consistent shop experiences. This besides meant that the local shops were unable to run into the demands, as the directors were restricted in their powers. The powers seemed to be concentrated to the CEOs, who were besides the chair of the board of members. Sir Richard Greenbury, known for his strong sentiment and about allergic reaction to bad intelligence ran the company from 1988 to 1999. The jobs started in 1998, when the portion monetary values were hit badly, and the company was get bying with lifting costs due to the their trust on expensive providers in Britain ( while it seemed every other rival was outsourcing to Asia ) , increased competition in the market sections they were present and the traditional bureaucratic direction. After his surrender, the new CEO Peter Salsbury did small and lasted merely a twelvemonth, before being succeeded by Luc Vandervelde in 2000. Until his going in 2004, he made important alterations such as a new construct of â€Å" shop in shop † , recognition card fecilities, trueness plans, â€Å" Simple Food † trade name and the â€Å" Per Una † joint venture. However he excessively held the place of both the CEO and the chair. These alterations little consequence in the stock market, and many companies, who were their rivals were seeking to take over the company. Their commands were fought away and besides meant the debut of a new caput, Rose Stuart. Rose, made several more alterations, the most celebrated being the 11-point strategic program based their nucleus values of quality, service, trust and value for money. He made several cuts to halt blowing money, better efficiency and besides doing ascents in the shops. The public presentation was good, and in 2008, Ross officially took over the function of chair ( he was already the CEO ) , and despite being controversial. 2009 proved to be a twelvemonth of slow growing for the company, and this caused relationships between the board and the investors to go rancid. Ross, announced his connotations to step down as the CEO, nevertheless he would retain the place of Chair until 2011.Theory and constructsThe instance survey is based around alteration direction and the schemes involved. Every company faces alterations, and must do them to run into the demands of the concern. Many factors can convey about this alteration and influence it. The writers ( Witcher & A ; Chau 2010 ) depict one such model as the PESTEL model. It consists of: Political affairs such as the influence from the authorities, Economic factors that are caused due to affairs related to cost incurred, Social factors which are the alterations that are related to the alterations in the society, Technological factors which involve alterations in the engineerings that are invented and proficient alterations made in procedures, Environmental factors which are caused by environmental events or considerations of environmental impact, and in conclusion Legal factors which are alterations in the legal institutes and models. Harmonizing to the writer ( Henry 2008 ) the alteration influences can besides be described by the â€Å" Porter ‘s five forces model † , which can demo the success or failure of a merchandise or service. The five forces are: menace to new entrants, the bargaining power of the purchasers, the bargaining power of the providers, the menace of replacement merchandises and services and in conclusion the strength of the competition among the rivals in the market. These forces can be examined to measure the whether the company will be able to vie in the market, and put its resources. These factors have all influenced M & A ; S plc to do alterations. To do these alterations nevertheless a proper direction is required. The company can take many paths to recognize the alterations, and many attacks can be taken to implement the alterations. These are detailed in the subdivisions that follow.Aims of the assignmentThe aims of the assignment are to: Analyse the strategic paths taken by the company. Identifying the nucleus competences of M & A ; S plc. Analyze and discourse the types of alteration direction used in M & A ; S plc.II. Beginnings of competitory advantages of M & A ; S and routes takenCompetitive advantages of M & A ; S plcDegree centigrades: UsersuserDesktop ew.PNG Figure: Strategic Clock The archer scheme clock is used to do an analysis of the place of a company with its rivals. From the writers ( Needle 2010 ) and ( Thomson & A ; Baden-Fuller 2010 ) we understand that, the â€Å" Strategic Clock † is set against two factors, the â€Å" Perceived Value of the merchandise to the consumer † and the â€Å" Price † . It came from an earlier stiff theoretical account, by Michael Porter, which was seen as deficient. Companies can be analyzed utilizing this theoretical account, falling non merely in a peculiar section, but taking a assorted way. In the clock we can see, the low priced, low added value, which is focal point on supplying basic merchandises and minimal pricing. From at that place, we see the low priced, which is for companies supplying merchandises that are cheaper discrepancies of similar merchandises offered by their rivals. The intercrossed way is taken to set supply both a distinction factor and a low monetary value factor, which is me rely possible with high volume gross revenues. The distinction way is for merchandises which are offered merely to supply distinction, and the focussed distinction way allows the company to bear down higher by offering different, advanced and merchandises which are merely available from them. On the other side of the clock we see that hazardous, monopoly pricing and loss of market portion, which are all bad for the company, unless under extreme fortunes where the company has a monopoly over the merchandise. These schemes combine to organize of import factors to see in order for bettering the place of the company in the market. The paths taken by Marks and Spencer are based on the loanblend and distinction of its merchandises to acquire a competitory advantage in the market. These allow the company to be: Loanblend: The Company provides merchandises which are merchandises in a sensible cost, but due to its repute and the long history of attending to inside informations, the company is able to portray a higher sensed value for the merchandise. For this ground they are able to construct a trueness from the clients. Differentiation: In this path the company is supplying the client with a higher sensed value for the merchandises. They increase the borders of the merchandises and have been making so for some clip, basking higher net income borders. This distinction is based on the many factors harmonizing to ( Obitz 2009 ) such as image distinction which allows for the trade name image to distinguish their merchandises in the market utilizing the company ‘s image. Support distinction is where the company provides the clients with convenient and advanced services such as shopping hours, price reductions, shop layout etc. Quality Differentiation is where the company differentiates its merchandises based on the quality. This has been achieved by proper trading which is controlled by the company, the attending to inside informations of the demands of the merchandises and invention. And in conclusion the design distinction where the importance is to maintain it different and advanced in the marke t.CompetencesThe nucleus competences of M & A ; S plc can be identified as: The trade name is known for quality. This is one of the chief competences, which provide them with extra value from their rivals. From the early yearss, the company has been able to concentrate and command the quality of the merchandises it sells in the shops, from design, production and distribution. This allows for the merchandises at their shops to be of the highest quality and design. The merchandises of the company are known for their value for money. Although they are more expensive than their rivals, they are able to maintain the monetary values at a degree that is justified by the quality they provide. This can be important when competition with rivals who provide lower cost merchandises. The trade name of the company has been present in the market for a long clip. Therefore it is good known by about everyone. Due to this, they can vie with new trade names that are non so good known in the market, and hence demands to pass more money in advertisement. The company ‘s direction has ever been a closely knit clump. The work civilization at the company, being closely related to the clients can intend that the client service is better. This is of import to supplying the clients with a great shop experience. Other rivals might non be able to supply the same degree of client satisfaction. The company has been spread outing and is present in many states, with many shops. The shops are able to supply entree to many clients. This is an advantage for the company, in contrast with some of their rivals who do n't hold such a immense planetary range.III. Type of alteration employed by M & A ; SChange direction is an of import portion of any organisation. ( Harrington 2006 ) argues that, clients demand betterment and alteration in merchandises invariably, maintaining up to which requires the changeless focal point of any company to guarantee they run into these demands in an effectual and efficient manner. In add-on to this, the gait of alteration is increasing as the population of the universe is increasing. While points out that there are two ways in which alteration can be done. There are different types of alteration. The writer ( Martin 2003 ) point out these alterations as: Incremental Change: This type of alteration is when the company makes alterations as the demand for them rises. The demand comes from the consumers and is met in a uninterrupted manner. To enable this sort of alteration it is of import for the people involved to do accurate Hells about the types and graduated table of the alteration that is required and meets all the demands. Measure Change: This type of alteration effects the full organisation, and involves doing important alterations in one or many countries within the organisation at one spell. The alterations have a Domino consequence, which means that alteration made in one portion normally causes alterations to other parts of the organisation. For illustration, the company can present a wholly new merchandise or service in the market, which would intend a important alteration from its yesteryear. Transformational alteration: This involves the complete alteration of one concern procedure or the full concern as a whole. This is a radical alteration, which means a wholly different set of individuality and process. The alteration is deep and involves everyone in the company. An illustration of this type of alteration is a amalgamation between two companies that provide the same services, to organize a new company ( like in the recent instance of two Bankss in Oman, unifying into one ) . The alterations made in M & A ; S have been fundamentally incremental. Throughout their history, they have been doing alterations on a regular footing as the demand presented itself. For illustration, when the demand in the market appeared for betterment in engineering use such as recognition cards, the company made those alterations. Even more, when the company was confronting challenges and concern from the investors, the top direction was changed to let them to run into the demands as a company. In times of alterations in the market, and client demand for better merchandises, the company introduced the trueness card strategies, recognition card strategies and such. It would non be incorrect to state that they have failed to even run into the incremental alteration demands. However, they have besides made some measure alterations. During the term of Philip Green as CEO, the company closed down many shop, acquired Per Una trade name, cancelled many nutrient merchandises, and restricted their direction to do it more efficient. These were important alterations that were introduced to better the company and caused the first growing in gross revenues since two old ages prior. The company has yet to do transformational alterations, and they are right in making so. One of the cardinal competences of the company is its trade name value, which has been a symbol of quality and invention. Changing this would do a important strain to its fiscal stableness and besides do it to be at a disadvantage in the competitory market.IV. DecisionM & A ; S plc has had to do important alterations in their history. Organizations have to do strategic alterations due to the many factors that can be defined utilizing models such as PESTEL and Porter ‘s five forces. These alterations have to be managed decently to be effectual. As such, companies take waies, as M & A ; S did, to supplying their merchandises and being competitory in the market. Furthermore they have made these alterations in an incremental and few in a transformational mode to run into the demands of the consumers. We have been able to analyse and understand strategic alteration direction. Change is necessary for any concern, and of import for any organisation to win.V. MentionsHarrington, HJ 2006, Change Management Excellence: The Art of Excelling in Change Management, Paton Press. Henry, A 2008, Understanding Strategic Management, Oxford University Press. Martin, V 2003, Leading Change in Health and Social Care, 1st edn, Routledge. Needle, D 2010, Business in Context: An Introduction to Business and Its Environment, 5th edn, South Western Educational Publishing. Obitz, C 2009, Supermarket distinction in the UK: A theoretical and empirical probe, Diplomica Verlag. Thomson, N & A ; Baden-Fuller, C 2010, Basic Strategy in Context: European text and instances, 1st edn, John Wiley & A ; Sons. Witcher, BJ & A ; Chau, VS 2010, Strategic Management: Principles and Practice, CL Business Press.

Diversity in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Diversity in Education - Essay Example John Dewey affirmed that education can only occur through the process of social consciousness. This is seen in almost all spheres of life. For instance, whenever we acquire different habits or whenever an individual's feelings have been awakened, then that is still part of education. Regardless of the level of strictness in any school environment, teachers cannot claim to deviate from this principle. All people are first educated through the unconscious state. The latter assertions can be carried forward to the issue of diversity in education. Because all human beings regardless of their race, disability, gender etc go through this unconscious education, then one can assert that they deserve equal treatment if the same principle was to be applied to them. (Neil, 2005) Dewey also asserted that a child's social environment was particularly important in ascertaining whether that child was able to embrace true education. Again, this assertion can be related to the diverse classroom because a diverse classroom offers children the opportunity to deal with different demands from the ones that the child had been accustomed to thus giving them room for growth. Children learn through the various demands that are placed upon them from members of the group. Consequently, if those demands are narrow or nonexistent, then a child's feelings and action will remain as they were. However, if those demands are much greater than that child had anticipated, then chances are that the child will come out of their narrowness of thought and will embrace their role as contributors to the overall wellness of the group. Therefore, a child will be able to learn what is appropriate or not through the actions of others when they are responding to the former's deeds or words. For instance, when children are learning a certain language, they rely on the reactions which they get from the people around then in relation to certain actions. For example, whenever a certain activity solicits a certain response, then that child will place the meaning in context. (Neil, 2005) The latter principles also apply to diversity in education. In essence, diverse classrooms represent society as it is. Compared to conventional classrooms, diverse classes are much closer to Dewey's ideas. This is because they allow children to learn from one another especially in terms of those who may be different from them. According to the latter philosopher, education is imparted through two aspects Psychological aspects Social aspects The first aspect is more important than the second because of the fact that it incorporates the issue of a child's instincts. The latter characteristic is usually the starting point in any learning process. If education is conducted independently from the child's activities, then it can only be regarded as a form of external pressure. If a child has no opportunity to show initiative, then they may simply solve the problems assigned to them by their educators but no meaningful education will have taken place. This is because such educators have not bothered to make an insight into the psychological goings on of the child. When a teacher's approaches happen to fall in line with a child's ideas, then chances are that that child will learn. However, if those approaches contradict a child's psychology, then it will create conflict within the child's mind thus impeding

How are the index number used to display economics or financial data Essay

How are the index number used to display economics or financial data Identify some examples to illustrate your answer - Essay Example assigned a value of unity, or even 100, in some reference period, and the value of other index for other given periods of time are intended to indicate the average proportionate or even the percentage change in price from this price reference period. For example if a given product is costing thrice as much as in 1990 as it did in 1980, its index could be taken to be 300 times relative to 1980. Price indices can be used to measure differences in price levels between different regions, countries and cities at the same point in time. For example, the Bic Mac price have been noted to occur in China at 51% reduction from U.S. prices. Considering such indices, it can be possible to forecast currency values. Based on this illustration China currency is undervalued and provides a currency investment opportunity. The price indices have three important characteristics. They are published frequently, usually every month but at times every quarter. They are available quickly, about two weeks after the end of the month or quarter. They are usually not revised, and they are closely monitored hence attracts a lot of publicity (Moulton et al, 2002). As a result of continuous publication, the price index provides timely information about the rate of inflation, and at times they are used to provide a wide variety of purposes, in addition to indexing wages. For example, consumer price indices are used to index other payments such as interest payment or rents, and at times the price of bonds. They are also used to provide index pensions and social security benefits. There are different kinds of index of numbers that can be used. Most economists and compliers of consumer price index agree that the index formula to be used should belong to a small class of indices called superlative indices (Turvey, 2004). This superlative index is expected to provide an approximation to a cost of living index. The main feature of superlative index is that it treats both periods being compared

Introduction to Business Law - Acts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Business Law - Acts - Essay Example The Comstock Act of 1890, named after its chief proponent Anthony Comstock, was enacted to safeguard the society's moral fiber, aimed at safeguarding American society against the destructive effects of "obscene, lewd, and lascivious" books. Upon its enactment, it made it illegal to "selloffer to sell, or to lend, or to give away, or in any manner to exhibit, or shall otherwise publish or offer to publish in any manner an obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, or other representation of article of an immoral nature" (Comstock Law 1873). Despite its good intentions, which was meant to target pornography and birth control, which was considered immoral at the time, the act unknowingly, due to the lack of sophisticated understanding regarding artistic forms of expression, became a notorious censorship tool, prohibiting works of art and literature as well. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, on the other hand, named after Senator John Sherman, was enacted to safeguard the country's economy against the monopolistic interests of large business owners and corporations, who controlled most of the economic means during the time.

Cometition law in international context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cometition law in international context - Essay Example Statement of purpose The Minister of Trade and Industry should prevent nationalization of electronic mail service and reinforcing the monopoly of Greek Post office. These plans are anti-competitive and will lead to prices paid by consumers. Greek is a Member State of the European Union and several provisions, Regulations and legislations of EU aim at ensuring market competition. Background of the problem The new Minister of Trade and Industry in Greece is planning to nationalise the electronic mail service, reinforcing the monopoly of Greek post office in the delivery of traditional mail. The objective is to ensure that Greek post office maintains important market share of customers. However, most customers have already switched from the traditional postal services to modern electronic mail, which is offered by efficient private companies. After nationalization, the Greek post office aims at increasing the prices of both services since the costs of delivering the ordinary post has be en increasing over the recent years. The Greek post office will decline access to its facilities including fibre optic infrastructure, to private companies who would like to offer competition to Greek post office by providing internet service and electronic mail services. International competition law According to the European Union treaty on competition, member states are not supposed to enact policies that create rigidity in trade and hinder competition or distort the market economy. Article 101 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the EU prohibits agreements that distort market competition or encourage cartels. This article aims at prevention undertakings that restrict and distort market economies of the member states within the internal market. Some of the prohibited practices include limitations on production, technical development and investments in the market. Direct or indirect price fixation or the selling and buying prices and trading conditions are prohibited by the Articl e. Member states are prohibited from applying different trading conditions on similar transactions with other trading partners in the economy1. The EC Treaty provisions regarding competition are contained in Article 3 (g) and Articles 81-89 of the Treaty that established the European Community along with several regulations and subsidiary legislations. Articles 81 to Article 86 mainly apply to the trade undertakings while Articles 87 to Article 89 apply to the Member States. The primary objective of the EU competition law is to prohibit internal markets distortion. Article 81 (1) prohibits all trade agreements between undertakings and association decisions that may hinder trade between member states2. However, the Article makes exception s for the trade agreements that aim at improving the welfare of the EU citizens by promoting the distribution of goods or technical promotion, while allowing customers a fair share of the benefits of the trade agreement. The excepted trade agreement s should not impose conditions and restrictions on the customers in the access of the goods or eliminate free competition in the market in regard to the goods being produced. Article 1 (1) of the Regulations 1/2003, the agreements that are outlined in Article 81 (1) and that contravene conditions of Article 81 (3) are unlawful. Article 1 (2) of the

The American Economic System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The American Economic System - Assignment Example In communism, the government owns almost all economic resources and the people work to contribute to the benefit of the society. Since the for governments in the command economies decide the products that will be produced, usually considering the need of the government only, the consumer has the greatest influence in the capitalist economy. The four economic questions are: what goods and services, and how much of each, will be produced; how will these goods and services be produced; for whom will these goods and services be produced; and who owns and who controls the major factors of production. In a free enterprise economy, the individuals or businesses are free to answer each question within the limit of the laws of the government. The consumer has a voice in answering these questions by demanding that specific products are offered. Without a demand, there is no production in a capitalist economy. The government simply looks out for the best interests of the consumer and ensures that competition can exist within each industry for businesses to grow and prosper. There are four types of competition that include perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly competition, and a monopoly. Perfect competition exists where there are many buyers and sellers of a product and no single buyer or seller is powerful enough to impact the price of the product. Monopolistic competition exists where there are many buyers and sellers, but the sellers all provide a similar product and using product differentiation to compete.   An oligopoly is a situation where there are few, very large sellers.   Although the number of competitors is low, it takes high investments to compete in this market.   Lastly, a monopoly is where there is only one seller and the seller is likely able to control the price of the product.  

The Modern Industrial Development and the Relationship of Human Being Research Paper

The Modern Industrial Development and the Relationship of Human Being With Nature - Research Paper Example Around the 1980s the term ‘sustainability’ is often used by professionals to refer to the notion of development in a merely technical sense. Theoretically, it includes the conditions of â€Å"meeting human needs, or maintaining economic growth or conserving natural capital, or about all three†. Agriculture, economics, livelihoods or whatever the features that modern society embodies are intertwined with the nature, natural resources and its ecological balance, as Michael Pollan, in his book, ‘the Omnivore’s Dilemma† attempts to infer that man like no other creature on earth is depended on a nature for his biological requirements (Pollan, 91). For Sneddon ‘sustainability’ is a term that is to be associated with the concept of sustainable development, as he says, â€Å"Both ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainability’ are at root normative concepts, describing visions of how human activities and ecological processes might be reconciled for the ‘good’ of both†. Indeed Sneddon is prone to view the concept as â€Å"to development, to societies, to livelihoods and to a host of additional social, economic and ecological activities†. The concept of â€Å"Sustainability† is a multifaceted one that includes a holistic definition in modern context. But it renders different definitions depending upon different contexts: ecological, social, and economic and in modern industrial age, eco-industrial. The idea of Eco-industrial sustainability includes a reconciliatory view of industrialization and ecology.

Isle of wight ventnor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Isle of wight ventnor - Essay Example In addition, the seabed forms a ridge rising to 15 meters of the surface that causes the sea to rush in between the ridge created and the Island. Due to this, there exists a narrow deep channel called the St Catherine’s Deep. The problem Study of the geotechnical situation in Ventnor indicates that the town has experienced landslides subject to ground movements. These landslides cause damage to property and interrupt the delivery of services mostly done through pipelines. The under-cliff of the Isle of Wight is 12 kilometers long. In 1988, the Department of Environment in Ventnor commissioned a study to come with ideas for dealing with the land instability problem. To understand the problems of stabilizing the town of Ventnor properly, it is important to consider; 1. The nature of the landslips 2. Study the strategies used to reduce negative impacts in the future and their applicability 3. Investigate the previous cases of instability It is very crucial to note that only some areas in the town of Ventnor experience landslips. In fact, various developed areas do not get affected even by main events. Consider the Bonchurch Old church which is over 1050 years old and still exists. Researchers tend to misinterpret the extent of the landslides since they include buildings and property that crumble due to poor foundations. Consequently, the problem appears great and non-manageable. (Griffiths, 2001). Location map The location of the town of Ventnor creates a problem in the stabilization of the area. The town faces a sea with various activities among them sea bed movements. Its open side facing the sea presents the problem of vulnerability due to lack of protection from sea tides and strong winds. Instability due to ground movements Ground movement continues to be a problem in the stabilizing of the town of Ventnor. The worst period occurred in 1961 where cliff falls and collapsed settlements were rampant following heavy autumn rainfall. Although the records da te as far back as 1781, it is not easy to get a clear picture of the problem of ground movements. 91% of the town has had minimal movement annually and short term major movements are attributed to long run movements. In the last 100 years, ground movement has become a challenge to the local community. This problem is independent of financial influence since it is a natural occurrence. The continued development of the area based on urbanization increases human traffic; thus, adds to the initial ground movement activity. Sir William 1997 argues that ground movements result from slope instability, ground compression and subsidence. Initially, the under cliff was a result of various phases of landslides due to climate and sea level influences. Landslides in Ventnor appear in the cretaceous rocks which consist of Gault clay overlain by big sandstones and chalk. The thin clay layers and the Gault clay determine the stability of the area. It is evident that the geotechnical design of the t own of Ventnor is itself a problem to the stability of the area. Landslides The images above show the occurrence of landslides which create a challenge in stabilizing the town. Mostly, landslides in Ventnor occur due to planes of weakness that come beneath impermeable clay surfaces. Water seeps through layers of sand leading to instability due to erosion. This image above represents the anatomy of the landslides. Landslides occur at the under-cliff of Ventnor located to the south of

Early Childhood Education in NZ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Early Childhood Education in NZ - Essay Example Informing Children are naturally curious and full of wonder. In order to learn about their interests, they move around and play. It is the interactions with others, their thoughts and the materials in their environment facilitate them getting to learn about the world. Adults must be supportive of helping them understand how they learn and think best to reach their learning goals (Primary National Strategy, 2006). This is in relation to learning outcome 1.3 which is multiplying ways of knowing learners in-depth. Observing them keenly is one way of knowing what they are interested in and knowing how they react to things. However, knowing what children want to learn should not hinder them from discovery by imposing one’s own thinking or supplying the answers without letting the children find out for themselves. This is complying with learning outcome 2.3 which is about informed practice through the use of effective curricula and content knowledge, current assessment and planning processes and reflective practice. Confronting I believe the way I was raised and educated has much influence on how I think children learn. Growing up, I was exposed to adults spoon-feeding information to us, and we were expected to just accept the â€Å"wisdom† that our elders passed on to us. I did not realize that it did not matter what we children were interested in. We looked up to authority figures as dispensers of knowledge and we were grateful to them for this. It is only now as an adult that I realize how much our learning was limited because it was just dictated to us. We were not allowed to discover things on our own. Education in my homeland was very teacher-directed that children did not have much choice in directing their own learning paths. Growing up, I was accustomed and very comfortable with that kind of system that now in New Zealand, I find it difficult to let go of such practices with my own students. I am learning from my practice teaching that I need t o follow the child’s lead. I need to be more observant of children’s interests and follow those instead of my own ideas even if I think they are great and that the children will enjoy and learn much from it. My role is to extend their knowledge and skills by organizing their learning environment according to their interests and needs. I bring out some interesting choices of activities for them and let them freely select what they want to do. Te Whaariki respects children’s ideas that they should always be participative in the planning of their learning. This empowers them to know that their ideas are worth listening to and even trying out, as reflected from the principle of Empowerment of Te Whaariki. Reconstructing In order to be more efficient in child-centred strategies, I need to not only observe children in action but also pose more open-ended questions. I can ask them what they already know about or what they want to learn more about and solicit their idea s on their activities. It is good if all children can contribute to the discussion regardless of their backgrounds because I believe in inclusive classes and respect all children no matter where they came from or what their abilities are.

Hobsons Choice Essay Example for Free

Hobsons Choice Essay Maggie is the eldest of Hobsons three daughters. Of the three she is the most intelligent and most valuable to Hobson. She has a very hardened appearance and almost mothers the other three, Hobson, Vicky and Alice. In the beginning of the book, she works in Hobsons shoe shop along with her two sisters. She is a great sales woman and because of this, she is very valuable to Hobson, Hobson himself says Maggies to useful to part with. Brighouse has written Maggie into the play to be very forcefully and dominant. She does not let a customer go out of the shop without making a purchase. This happened when Albert Prosser came into see Alice, his girlfriend. Maggie turned to him and exclaimed This is a shop, you know. Were not here to let people go out without buying. These qualities make Maggie a very successful businessperson. It is these qualities that make Maggie so important to her father, Hobson. If Maggie were to leave then the business would cease and Hobson would be in a very big mess. I think Maggie struggles when it comes to love and marriage, which inevitably creates problems for her. I do not think she knows how to express her feelings properly without hurting others feelings. She does not think courting should be carried out before marriage. Maggie states Courtings like that my lass. All glitter and no use to anybody. I think this is why Will Mossop is so surprised when Maggie asks him to marry her. They had not courted at all before Maggies proposal. I think Brighouse has made Maggies character seem even stranger by this as it was very unusual for a proposal to come from a woman in those days. I think she has this problem because she is so dominant and strong. In the shop she is so used to getting her way first time round that she expects it to happen every time. Will Mossop does eventually agree to marry her but only after some persuasion. Maggies knows her father inside out. She knows that Hobson drinks a lot of alcohol. The book starts with a conversation between Maggie, Alice and Vicky. Vicky asks Maggie if Hobson has had breakfast yet and Maggie replies Breakfast! With a Masons meeting last night? Every time Hobson goes out, he is always late back and has always had too much to drink. This irritates Maggie as he is always late for dinner and results in her nagging her farther. Maggie can be rude in the way she teats people. Just before she proposes to Will, she says its a pity youre a natural fool at all else. She also treats her sisters in a horrid way. Its as if she is jealous of something they have that she does not. I think Brighouse wants the audience to see Maggie as a strong minded, dominant character and portrays her as such by making her an important lead in the story. She is the centre hub upon which all the other characters depend to interact in the story. She is a key character who plays a very large role in the first act.

What Affects Tropical Cyclones Environmental Sciences Essay

What Affects Tropical Cyclones Environmental Sciences Essay What are tropical cyclones? A tropical cyclone is the main term used for a low pressure system which gets its energy mainly from evaporation from the sea and condenses in clouds concentrated near its centre (Holland, 1993). Tropical cyclones occur in tropical latitudes. The central area of the tropical cyclone is called the eye of the storm; this is the area of the lowest pressure. The eye is encircled by dense cloud (cyclone walls) which rotates. The walls are less dense as you move out from the eye as the wind gradually weakens down (Nalivkin, 1983). Tropical cyclones have three different names that are defined by their wind speed; a tropical depression is a storm with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 17m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ but still has a circulation (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). A tropical storm is a storm with winds of at least 17 m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ and peak speeds of 32 m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). Hurricanes or Typhoons (the regional names for strong tropical cyclones) are when winds reach above 32 m s ¯Ã‚ ¹ (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). Tropical cyclones form in ocean basins around the world; these are the North Atlantic Ocean, Northeast Pacific Ocean, North-western Pacific Ocean, North Indian Ocean, South- West Indian Ocean, Australian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean (Aguado and Burt, 2007).This study concentrates on the North Atlantic basin. The tropical cyclone season is from 1st June to 30th November in the Atlantic basin (NOAA, 2007). 1.2.2 What do tropical cyclones need to form? Tropical cyclones need certain conditions to form. They need a deep surface layer and sea surface temperatures above 26.5 °C (81 °F) (Goldenberg, et al, 2001: Wallace and Hobbs, 2006: Aguado and Burt, 2007). They need a disturbance near the surface with adequate amounts of spin to start the formation and an atmosphere that is unstable so that it encourages thunderstorm activity. Low vertical wind shear is needed since wind shear can disrupt the organisation of thunderstorms. If the wind shear is too high, it can cause the cyclone to dissipate (Gray 1968: Wallace and Hobbs, 2006). Tropical cyclones also wont form if the disturbance is too close to the equator. Tropical cyclones need enough coriolis force to maintain the low pressure in their centre, the coriolis is not strong enough to do this near the equator and for this reason tropical cyclones do not form between 0 °W and 5 °W latitude (Wallace and Hobbs, 2006: Aguado and Burt, 2007). All these conditions are generally nee ded for a tropical cyclone to form, but even if the conditions are met, it does not mean a tropical cyclone will form every time (Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, 2013). North Atlantic tropical cyclones vary from other basins in the way they form as a high percentage of cyclones form from tropical waves that move across from West Africa (Landsea, 1993). Most major hurricanes form from African waves especially in the area between 10 ° and 20 ° North (Goldenberg, 2001). This area 10 ° and 20 ° North was termed the main development region by (Goldenberg, 2001). The number of easterly waves remains relatively constant from one year to the next, but the amount that develop into tropical cyclones varies greatly due to other factors (Frank, 1975). 1.2.3 What affects tropical cyclones? Many different atmospheric factors affect tropical cyclones; the main ones are listed below: Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs): SSTs are one of the main factors that affects whether a tropical cyclone forms. Since heat from oceans are the primary energy source for a tropical cyclone, the theory is that if sea surface temperatures were to increase, so too would the number and intensity of tropical cyclones (Goldenberg, et al, 2001). However, this has not been proven by using historical data or models. The research conclusions are mixed with no definitive answer; some studies show that SSTs are increasing intensity of cyclones (Emanuel, 2005), whilst others are coming to the conclusion that the increase in tropical cyclone frequency is due to rising SSTs (Holland and Webster, 2007: Mann and Emanuel, 2006). Some research even points to a decrease in frequency under global warming (Knutson et al 2008). Overall no research has shown conclusively an increase in the frequency or intensity due to rising SSTs and there are many mixed views on the subject. ENSO: ENSO is very important for tropical storm development and depending on what stage it is in can either cause formation or hinder it. Trenberth (1997) gives a good definition of El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a. El Nià ±os effect on tropical cyclones has been well documented and there is a lot of literature on the topic available. It is agreed that El Nià ±o supresses Atlantic hurricane activity (Gray, 1984). During El Nià ±o years there are fewer tropical cyclones and weaker intense storms (Chu, 2004). El Nià ±o years were found to have fewer hurricane days then non El Nià ±o years (Gray 1984: Landsea et al, 1999). La Nià ±a has the opposite effect on tropical cyclones by creating favourable conditions for the development of tropical cyclones (Pielke and Landsea 1999). During El Nià ±o, Pielke and Landsea (1999) found that there are more economical losses during a La Nià ±a year then an El Nià ±o year, this fits in with Atlantic tropical cyclone activity being supressed during El Nià ±o. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO): This is a pattern of sea surface temperatures which has warm and cold phases, a 25-40 year cycle (Aguado and Burt 2007). The AMO then affects tropical cyclones due to the change in sea surface temperatures. The AMO has been thought to affect the activity of tropical cyclones in the past with the active year of 1995 coinciding with a shift in the AMO (Aguado and Burt 2007). Goldenberg et al (2001) indicates that the Atlantic Multidecadal variation would have a greater impact on tropical cyclones sooner than the warming of SSTs. This is because global warming will only gradually create higher SSTs. If the rise of SSTs due to global warming were to coincide with a change to a warm phase in the AMO there could be a large impact on tropical cyclones. Wind shear: Wind shear is horizontal wind between the upper and lower troposphere. It inhibits tropical cyclones by stopping organisation of deep convection in the atmosphere, which prevents the organisation of cloud walls (Goldenberg et al, 2001). Wind shear has a big impact on hurricane frequency and intensity (Aiyyer and Thorncroft, 2006). Goldenberg and Shapiro (1996) came to the conclusion that wind shear was the most important environmental factor effecting tropical cyclones since it decreases the chances of cyclones forming and can dissipate them when they have already formed. Overall, though all of the above factors interlink, for example an increase in SSTs could create an increase in wind shear (Vecchi and Soden, 2007). The above factors that affect tropical cyclones are complex and the knowledge is uncertain. (Emanuel, 2005: Landsea, 2010) argue that there can be no strong conclusion made on research using past data due to the uncertainty of accurate records. Until a good overall understanding is gained no conclusions can be made on what has happened and what will happen to tropical cyclones, one of the ways to gain this is to look at where they have formed and why and what effected past tracks, leaving room for error in the data. Tropical cyclone tracks Tropical cyclone tracks in the North Atlantic are variable. There are no defined paths, but there are rough patterns cyclones will follow, depending on meteorological and oceanographic factors. Cyclones will generally move straight West or East and then may move north to hit land. Some recurve (go West then East). These cyclones are generally known to form by the Cape Verde Islands and will recurve around the periphery of the subtropical cell (Reading, 1990). These are known to form the deadliest hurricanes. The cyclones as well are known to form in different areas at different times of the hurricane season (Reading, 1990) this then effects the tracks too. Early in the season they form more on the Western side of the Atlantic (Reading, 1990: Willet and Sanders, 1959). They then form throughout most of the basin in the middle of the season and by the end of season most of the cyclones form in the West of the Atlantic basin (Willet and Sanders, 1959). Changes in intensity, frequency and tracks Webster et al, (2005) found a small percentage increase in the number and proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 and 5 in the North Atlantic, but no increase in the intensity of the strongest hurricanes. Overall Webster (2005) found no global trend for increasing SSTs and number of tropical storms/ hurricanes, but found a global decrease in tropical cyclone days since 1995 to 2004 after a peak in 1995. Webster (2005) concludes that their data points to a 30 year increase in more frequent and intense hurricanes. This links in with Bender et al, (2010) model that found the frequency of intense hurricanes should increase, but the number of hurricanes will decrease in a warmer world due to global warming. Vecchi and Knutson (2008) found that Atlantic tropical cyclone counts may have increased since the 19th century but with an average decrease in tropical cyclone duration over time. On the other hand Emanuel (2005) found that the duration of storms in the North Atlantic had increased since 1949 but he warns this may be due to changes in reporting practices. Overall the research gives very mixed results. There is little work done on whether with climate change there will be changes in tracks (Walsh, 2004). Work that has been done varies in the results. Most of the results show little change in tracks, under simulations of enhanced greenhouse conditions and warmer SSTs (Knutson and Tuleya 1999, Tsutsui 2002). This research concentrated on the Pacific, and mainly in the North. This then does not give a picture of what may happen in other basins such as the North Atlantic. The research done has mainly used models to simulate tropical cyclone tracks, with more data every year data analysis and statistical methods could be used better to analyse past tracks. (Walsh and Reading, 1991: Vecchi and Knutson, 2008) have suggested that in the North Atlantic basin there has been a shift in the position of tropical cyclones to the east of the basin using data analysis but did point to possible changes due to better data collection methods. Wang and Chan (2002) concentrate on tropical cyclone tracks in the North Pacific and demonstrated mainly how El Nià ±o affects the tracks due to changes in El Nià ±o. This then shows that El Nià ±o has this affect in the North Pacific but has not been shown to have an impact on tracks in the North Atlantic or other basins. 1.2.4 What the future holds Due to the theory of climate change there have been many ideas about how tropical cyclones will react, research using statistics has created many climatic models of tracks and what could happen. Quite a few conclusions have been drawn due to the idea of increasing sea surface temperatures, which could cause increases in frequency and intensity of storms but no firm evidence has yet been found due to uncertainties in the data and the number of parameters which could also affect tropical cyclones. Further uncertainties with how the climate will change mean no conclusions have been made yet for future predictions. Overall there is no agreement on what will happen to tropical cyclones in a warmer climate (Villarini et al., 2011). Looking at past data has issues due to the inaccuracies that might have occurred before the satellite era. Landsea et al (2010) discusses this issue and found that the occurrence of short lived storms has increased over the last century but medium and intense storms havent. He concludes that this is most likely due to better equipment picking up storms, as well as storms being identified as cyclones when in the past they wouldnt have been. 1.2.5 Why is the research being done, how is it different from other research Research into tropical cyclones is important due to the impacts cyclones have on the human and natural world. Most research has focused on frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. Not much work has been previously done on tracks, or the starting points of tropical cyclones. This research looks into where storms form throughout the North Atlantic basin and if this has changed in the basin over time, as well as focusing on recurving cyclones. Wang and Chan (2002) did look at tracks and formation in the Pacific, but one of the issues with the North Pacific was that the record is quite short. The North Atlantic has the longest reliable record (Goldenberg, et al, 2001) and will be examined in this study.

Energy Efficient Firefly Scheduling in Green Networking

Energy Efficient Firefly Scheduling in Green Networking An energy Efficient Firefly Scheduling in Green Networking with Packet Processing Engines S.S.Saranya S.Srinivasan Abstract-The investigation of force sparing system gadgets has been situated as of late on Theoretical With the point of controlling force consumption in center systems, we consider energy mindful gadgets ready to lessen their energy prerequisites by adjusting their execution. We propose new algorithm for scheduling the errand to diverse pipelines to adjust the energy consumption in systems administration. The firefly algorithm (FA) is a meta heuristic algorithm, propelled by the blazing conduct of fireflies. The main role for a fireflys blaze is to go about as a sign framework to pull in different fireflies. blended whole number straight programming structure that takes care of the virtual topology issue under the correspondence delay imperative. A self-assertive optical system has been considered with distinctive separations between the hubs and diverse connection limits. We are utilizing after ventures to minimize the energy consumption (1) Packet Segmentation for maintaining a st rategic distance from the impact in single pipeline. (2) Firefly Algorithm for streamlining the distinguishing the pipe line. The motivation behind our work is to minimize the energy consumption in general system. Keywords Packet Segmentation, Green network technologies, Firefly Algorithm. I. INTRODUCTION The likelihood of adjusting system energy prerequisites to the real movement load. In fact, it is extraordinary that system connections and gadgets are by and large provisioned for occupied or surge hour load, which normally surpasses their normal usage by a wide edge. In spite of the fact that this edge is at times arrived at, system gadgets are composed on its premise and, subsequently, their energy consumption stays pretty much steady even in the vicinity of fluctuating activity load. In this manner, the key of any best in class force sparing criteria lives in alertly adjusting assets, gave at the system, connection, or supplies level, to current movement necessities and burdens. In this admiration, current green network technologies approaches[1] have been taking into account various energy related criteria, to be connected specifically to system gear and part interfaces. Green network technologies [3] is the act of selecting energy productive systems administration advancements and items, and minimizing asset use at whatever point conceivable. Green network technologies is an expansive term alluding to methods used to enhance systems administration or make it more proficient. This term reaches out to and spreads forms that diminish energy consumption, and additionally forms for rationing transfer speed or some other methodology that will at last decrease energy consumption and, in a roundabout way, cost. The issue of green network technologies has numerous critical applications, particularly as energy gets to be more lavish and individuals get to be more aware of the negative impacts of energy consumption on nature. A portion of the fundamental techniques connected with green network technologies include solidifying gadgets or generally streamlining an equipment setup. Programming virtualization [4] and proficient server consumption can add to this general objective. Green network technologies could likewise incorporate such differing thoughts as remote work area, energy use in structures lodging equipment, or other fringe parts of a system foundation. Thoughts connected with green network technologies likewise address tech administrations or client connections that may at last be based on a system. This incorporates green pursuit or investigations of the energy consumption of web indexes, alongside numerous different sorts of examination of cutting edge systems and frameworks. As per various studies, IT can devour up to 2 percent of a countrys aggregate energy generation. A great part of the exploratory information conveyed by ESnet and individual exploration and instruction (RE) systems is C Gang et al. pick blaze stations which possess certain flame spread capacity and moderately minimal effort for separation as target blend. Fire stations touch base at mischance focuses and behavior salvage work, to minimize the misfortune in entire mishap. In routing , the forwarding engine [9], sometimes called the data plane, defines the part of the router architecture that decides what to do with packets arriving on an inbound interface. Transmit data as fast as possible, return to Low-Power Idle– Highest rate provides the most energy-efficient transmission (Joules/bit)– LP_IDLE consumes minimal power (Watts).Energy savings come from cycling between Active Low-Power Idle – Power is reduced by turning OFF unused circuits during LP_IDLE (e.g. portions of PHY, MAC, interconnects, memory, CPU).Energy consumption scales with bandwidth consumption. Raffaele Bolla et al. [10] raise the same concern in their work save energy by scaling their traffic processing capacities through AR and LPI mechanisms. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the Related work of less energy consumption Based on Green network technique. Section III portrays the Investigation of proposed methods. The Test results are shown in the Section IV. II. RELATED WORKS FLARE strategy [10] is conceivable to methodicallly cut a TCP stream crosswise over numerous ways without creating packet reordering. Srikanth Kandula et al. (2007) FLARE, another movement part algorithm. FLARE misuses a straightforward perception. Consider burden adjusting movement more than a set of parallel ways. On the off chance that the time between two progressive packets is bigger than the greatest deferral contrast between the parallel ways, one can course the second packet and resulting packets from this stream on any accessible way with no danger of reordering. In this way, as opposed to exchanging packets or streams, FLARE switches packet blasts, called owlets. Element burden adjusting needs conspires that part activity crosswise over various ways at a fine granularity. Current movement part plots, be that as it may, display a tussle between the granularity at which they segment the activity and their capacity to stay away from packet reordering. Packet based part rapidly doles out the sought burden offer to every way. Power administration abilities [2] inside architectures and segments of system gear. R. Bolla et al.(2007) considering the two principle sorts of force administration equipment help, today accessible in the biggest piece of COTS processors and under quick improvement in other equipment advances [11] (e.g., system processors, ASIC and FPGA). These force administration advancements individually permit minimizing force consumption when no exercises are performed (in particular, unmoving enhancements), and to change the exchange off in the middle of execution and energy when the equipment is dynamic and performing operations (specifically, power state improvements). These sorts of force administration backing are by and large acknowledged at the equipment layer by fueling off sub-segments, or by changing the silicon working recurrence and voltage. Load Migration technique [8] With remote asset virtualization, numerous Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) can be upheld more than an imparted physical remote system and movement stacks in a Base Station. Xiang Sheng et al. a general enhancement system to guide algorithm outline, which takes care of two sub issues, pipe task and burden distribution, in arrangement. For pipe task, this paper exhibit a rough guess algorithm For burden allotment, we introduce a polynomial-time ideal algorithm for an extraordinary situation where BSs are force relative and in addition two successful heuristic algorithms for the general case. Furthermore, this paper exhibit a successful heuristic algorithm that mutually tackles the two sub issues. Fire asset scheduling model[15] on the ground of significant perils, where time constraint of real dangers and genuine circumstance of flame asset can be considered on all sides. Along these lines, in accordance with the bear capable misfortune and time restriction of significant risks, GOU Gang et al. pick flame stations which claim certain blaze spread capacity and generally ease for separation as target mix. Fire stations touch base at mischance focuses and behavior salvage work, to minimize the misfortune in entire mishap. Linux piece system subsystem [12] the Tx/Rx Soft IRQ and Q plate are the connectors between the system stack and the net gadgets. A configuration confinement is that they accept there is just a solitary passage point for every Tx and Rx in the hidden equipment. In spite of the fact that they function admirably today, they wont later on. Present day system gadgets (for instance, E1000 and IPW 2200 prepare two or more equipment Tx lines to empower transmission parallelization or MAC-level QoS. These equipment characteristics cant be upheld effectively with the current system subsystem. Z. Yi et al. (2007) depicts the outline and execution for the system multi line patches submitted to mailing records early not long from now, which included the progressions for the system scheduler, Q circle, and non specific system center APIs. III. INVESTIGATION OF PROPOSED METHODS A pipeline is a situated of information transforming components joined in arrangement, where the yield of one component is the info of the following one. Op 1 In 1 Output In 2 In 3 Op 2 In 4 Fig 1.Parallel pipeline Fig 1.shows the components of a pipeline are regularly executed in parallel or in time-cut manner; all things considered, some measure of cradle stockpiling is frequently embedded between components. The packet preparing framework is particularly intended for managing the system movement. Pipe 1 Data Aggregation Pipe 2 Segmentation Pipe 3 Scheduling Pipe 4 Fig 2. Framework Architecture Fig2. shows System Architecture speaks to Parallel Processing of diverse pipe lines. In this framework, Fire fly Scheduling algorithm for viably plan the info movement load for burden adjusting. The Distributed Load transformed by the distinctive pipelines. Packet segmentation enhances system execution by part the packets in got Ethernet outlines into discrete cushions. Packet segmentation may be in charge of part one into different so that solid transmission of every one can be performed exclusively. Segmentation may be obliged when the information packet is bigger than the most extreme transmission unit backed by the system. The packet preparing framework can be prepared in any layer of the system, either in the top of the line center switches or in the LAN switches. The adaptability of the framework originates from the programmable components inside it, i.e. NPs. Furthermore a progression of stacked system conventions ensure its capacity to accomplish the execution particular. Fire fly algorithm is utilized for packet scheduling. The firefly algorithm [14] is a meta heuristic algorithm, enlivened by the blazing conduct of fireflies. The main role for a fireflys blaze is to go about as a sign framework to draw in different fireflies. In assignment task process, packets appropriate crosswise over parallel pipe lines. In this Module, divided Data lumps appointed into Queue for transforming of information. This oversees Work load dissemination to different parallel pipelines. This module words at transmitting end. A.Algorithm The firefly algorithm is a meta heuristic algorithm [16], roused by the blazing conduct of fireflies. The basic role for a fireflys blaze is to go about as a sign framework to pull in different fireflies. Xin-She Yang [17]formulated this firefly algorithm by accepting: 1. All fireflies are unisexual, so that one firefly will be pulled in to all different fireflies; 2. Engaging quality is relative to their shine, and for any two fireflies, the less brilliant one will be pulled in by (and subsequently move to) the brighter one; then again, the splendor can diminish as their separation increments; 3. On the off chance that there are no fireflies brighter than a given firefly, it will move arbitrarily. The splendor ought to be connected with the target capacity. Firefly algorithm is a nature-enlivened meta heuristic enhancement algorithm. B. Algorithm Description The pseudo code can be summarized as: Begin 1) Objective function: 2) Generate an initial population of fireflies 3) Formulate light intensity so that it is associated with f (for example, for maximization problems, or simply 4) Define absorption coefficient While (t for i = 1 : n (all n fireflies) for j = 1 : n (n fireflies) if , move firefly i towards j; end if Vary attractiveness with distance r via exp ; Evaluate new solutions and update light intensity; end for j end for i Rank fireflies and find the current best; end while Post-processing the results and visualization; End The main update formula for any pair of two fireflies and is where is a parameter controlling the step size, while is a vector drawn from a Gaussian or other distribution. It can be shown that the limiting case corresponds to the standard Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In fact, if the inner loop (for j) is removed and the brightness is replaced by the current global best , then FA essentially becomes the standard PSO. The should be related to the scales of design variables. Ideally, the term should be order one, which requires that should be linked with scales. For example, one possible choice is to use where is the average scale of the problem. In case of scales vary significantly, can be considered as a vector to suit different scales in different dimensions. Similarly, should also be linked with scales. For example, The pipe line is a customer server transforming framework. Approaching streams can be taken care of by any subset of the pipelines. Every customer sent the information to server for preparing. The preparing is held in server and returns the outcome once more to server. The AR and LPI components for every pipeline to rapidly deal with the motor setup keeping in mind the end goal to ideally adjust its energy consumption regarding system execution. IV. TEST RESULTS This area portrays the execution investigation to accept the proposed algorithm. Exploratory results show the proficiency of the proposed Firefly algorithm. Fig 3. Energy Consumption Fig 3 delineates the Energy Consumption in parallel pipe line .The Energy consumption shifts in parallel pipelines as per time. In this work, Incoming packet are sectioned into various little packets and apportioned to diverse pipelines. These packets doled out to pipe lines taking into account size of the pieces by utilizing fire fly algorithm. The information packet 4 take 18 sec for handling and the information packet 5 take 18 sec for preparing. The less measure of time speak to the low energy consumption. Information packet 4,5 expend less energy. Fig 4. Busy-Idle cycle Fig4. Delineates the busy-idle state in parallel pipe line. We propose new scheduling algorithm that timetable the packets to diverse pipe lines in light of the limit of pipeline and pieces. V.CONCLUSION In this paper, we propose new scheduling algorithm to minimize the energy consumption in Parallel Pipe line System. The firefly algorithm (FA) is a meta heuristic algorithm, roused by the glimmering conduct of fireflies. The main role for a fireflys glimmer is to go about as a sign framework to draw in different fireflies. Firefly-based algorithms for scheduling undertaking diagrams and occupation shop scheduling obliges less figuring than all other meta heuristics. Firefly algorithm can tackle streamlining issues in dynamic situations proficiently. The accomplished results show how the proposed model can viably speak to energy and system mindful execution files. In addition, additionally an improvement system in view of the model has been proposed and tentatively assessed. REFERENCES [1] Raffaele Bolla, Roberto Bruschi, Alessandro Carrega, and Franco Davoli â€Å"Green Networking With Packet Processing Engines: Modeling and Optimization† IEEE/ACMTransaction Networking,Vol.22,No.1,Feb2014. [2] A.Bolla and R. Bruschi, â€Å"Energy-aware load balancing for parallel packet processing engines,† in Proc. 1st IEEE GREENCOM, Sep. 2011, pp. 105–112. [3] â€Å"LowEnergyConsumptionNETworks(ECONET)project,†2010[Online]. Available: http://www.econet-project.eu [4] â€Å"Energy eFFIcient teChnologIEs for the Networks of Tomorrow (EFFICIENT) project,† 2010 [Online]. Available: http://www.tnt.dist. unige.it/efficient [5] â€Å"GreeningtheNetwork(GreenNet)project,†2012[Online].Available: http://www.tnt.dist.unige.it/greennet [6] B. Heller et al. , ElasticTree: saving power in data center networks, Proceedings of USENIX NSDI’2010. [7] S. Kandula, D. Katabi, S. Sinha, and A. Berger, â€Å"Dynamic load balancing without packet reordering,† Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 37, pp. 51–62, Mar. 2007. [8] R.Bolla,R.Bruschi,A.Carrega,andF.Davoli,â€Å"Greennetworktechnologies and the art of trading-off,† in Proc. 30th IEEE INFOCOM Workshops, Shanghai, China, Apr. 2011, pp. 301–306. [9] R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, and F. Cucchietti, â€Å"Energy efficiency in the future Internet: A survey of existing approaches and trends in energy-aware fixed network infrastructures,† IEEE Commun. Surveys Tut., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 223–244, 2nd Quart., 2011. [10] Z. Yi and P. Waskiewicz, â€Å"Enabling Linux network support of hardwaremultiqueuedevices,†inProc.LinuxSymp.,Ottawa,ON,Canada, Jun. 2007, vol. 2, pp. 305–310. [11] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, Particle swarm optimisation, in: Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Neural Networks, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 1942-1948 (1995). [12] S. Nandy, P. P. Sarkar, A. Das, Analysis of nature-inspired firefly algorithm based back-propagation neural network training, Int. J. Computer Applications, 43(22), 816 (2012). [13] S. Palit, S. Sinha, M. Molla, A. Khanra, M. Kule, A cryptanalytic attack on the knapsack cryptosystem using binary Firefly algorithm, in: 2nd Int. Conference on Computer and Communication  Technology (ICCCT), 15-17 Sept 2011, India, pp. 428432 (2011). [14] R.Bolla,R.Bruschi,F.Davoli,andA.Ranieri,â€Å"Energy-awareperformanceoptimizationfornext-generationgreennetworkequipment,†in Proc. 2nd ACM SIGCOMM PRESTO, Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 2009, pp. 49–54. [15] X. S. Yang, Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms, Luniver Press, UK, (2008). [16] X. S. Yang, Firefly algorithms for multimodal optimisation, Proc. 5th Symposium on Stochastic Algorithms, Foundations and Applications, (Eds. O. Watanabe and T. Zeugmann), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5792: 169-178 (2009). [17] X. S. Yang, Engineering Optimisation: An Introduction with Metaheuristic Applications, John Wiley and Sons, USA (2010).

The Gulf War - An Environmental Disaster Essay -- Exploratory Essays R

While militarily, the Gulf War of 1990-91 seemed like a quick and decisive victory, it was an environmental disaster, both at the time and when considering the residual impacts. Environmental travesties were committed by both the Iraqi aggressor and the allied forces, ranging from use of minerals like depleted uranium in weapons to deliberate dumping of oil into the Gulf. Oil fires and spills had a severe impact on all forms of life, most prominent in the Gulf region, but with possible global implications. Human health, wildlife, natural resources and ecosystems were all adversely impacted by actions taken and not taken by both sides of the conflict. Controversy over where the oil that spilled into the Persian Gulf in the early months of 1991 came from still exists, but the fact remains that about 10 million barrels of oil were eventually discharged into the Gulf. This amount is about forty times that spilled in the Exxon Valdez disaster, and was beyond any previously imaginable scope. Both Saddam Hussein’s army and Coalition forces claimed that the other had done more to wreak havoc on the Gulf environment by releasing oil into the Gulf. In reality, both belligerents in the conflict did significant damage to the environment and mostly the damage was unnecessary. The US military accused Saddam Hussein’s forces of releasing large amounts of oil from the Sea Island Terminal in Kuwait by dynamiting the station at the beginning of the air war. In the end, about 6 million barrels flowed from Sea Island into the Gulf (Hawley, p 46). Iraqi sabotage of oil ports are also cited as sources of the spill. Significant am ounts were also released into the Gulf by Coalition attacks on oil tankers stationed in the Gulf. One tanker... ...ve international community and then by implementing more stringent laws that would make destruction of the environment without severe repercussions impossible. Bibliography: Â   Clark, Ramsey The Fire This Time (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992) Â   Environmental News Service Iraqi Environment Defenseless Before Warring Forces (Electronic source: March 24, 2003) Â   Kirby, Alex Gulf environment faces worse threats (BBC online news: March 14, 2003) Â   Lash, Jonathan Reflections on War and the Environment (MSNBC.com interview: January 10, 2003 Â   Levy, B. and Sidel, V. eds. War and Public Health (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) Â   Loretz, John The Animal Victims of the Gulf War (PSR Quarterly, 1991) Â   UN Environment Program Air pollution from Baghdad fires poses risks for human health and the environment (Press release, March 30, 2003)

The Future :: Argumentative Persuasive Science Papers

The Future It is by following clues that we make discoveries, not by reasoning inductively. Now some people would accept this view but nevertheless argue that in science we cannot avoid reasoning inductively. For , , they say, suppose we have discovered a law of nature—let us say the law that all metals expand when heated. Now in saying that this is a law of nature we are saying that it holds not only in the past but also in the future. If it is a law of nature that all metals expand when heated, then metals will expand when heated not just today but also tomorow. But how do we know they will expand tomorow? Tomorow has not yet come. If we know, we can only know by reasoning inductively (they say). The law has held in the past; therefore it will hold in the future. Reasoning from the past to the future is inductive reasoning. In this paper I want to respond to this argument. My point will be, there is no need to reason inductively even in science. To help make my point I will draw on three examples. Example 1: Station A Suppose you crack ciphers. You have been intercepting messages from a radio station which you have called Station A. The messages transmited by Station A are encrypted by a cipher which you have already broken, a cipher which for your own convenience you have called Cipher X. Because you have already broken Cipher X, for the past six months you have been able to read every single message sent out by Station A. This morning you have intercepted another message. You have not deciphered it yet ... How are you going to decipher your new message? Are you going to decipher it by using Cipher X, the cipher you have broken and which Station A has been using these past six months? I think you are likely to say, 'Of course! ' So you will decipher the new message using Cipher X, as I too if I were in your position. Let us now go over the situation again. You have broken Cipher X. You have been deciphering all messages from Station A using Cipher X. You are now about to decipher this newly intercepted message by using Cipher X. Now considering what you have done and what you are about to do, can we infer that you are reasoning inductively?

My Experience as a Teenage Mother Essay -- Personal Narrative Pregnanc

My Experience as a Teenage Mother Twenty-six years have brought many changes to my home in the mountains of East Tennessee: one of the most important of these changes being the slow dissolution of what I call the ‘racial divide’. This change had just begun to take place when I found myself a frightened pregnant teenager growing up in the small community of Shell Creek in Carter County, Tennessee. It was 1977 and of the few hundred people in town, I was certain I would be the first to have a child that was half black and half white. My parents divorced when I was ten years old, so I grew up in my grandparents’ home, a place filled with love and acceptance. My grandparents had never imparted any type of prejudice, racial or otherwise to my young mind. However, I knew the Baptist church Grandma attended every Sunday warned against bi-racial relationships.. My grandparents were devout and sincere in their faith so they accepted this way of thinking. Would my family ever be able to accept this child I was carrying? I didn’t think they could at the time so I kept my secret. Telling the child’s father was out of the question as I knew he was not interested in me or our child. My pregnancy was a bi-product of youth and ignorance. The summer of 1977 passed quickly for me and the child growing inside me. I thought of the baby as a boy, although I had no idea what sex my baby was. Sometimes I wondered what he would look like. Was he smart? What would he become? Mostly I wondered how my family would react to him. How in the world was I going to raise a child alone? Being only sixteen, I was still a child myself. I knew I had only a few months to discover an answer to my question. By late fall I was b... ...nge. As she removed the tiny diaper, I saw what appeared to be a large bruise on the little boy’s bottom. My heart raced and I saw red in both eyes. â€Å"What have you done to my baby?† I screamed loud enough to wake the exhausted woman sharing my room. I lifted my sore body from the bed with angry force.† Where did he get that bruise?† I demanded. The startled nurse looked at me like I was insane. â€Å"That’s a Mongolian spot, very common in mixed babies,† she explained. â€Å"It’s not a big deal. I promise no one has hurt him.† At that moment I knew I loved the little boy like I’d never loved before. I would protect him with my life, giving him all the love in my heart. I had to figure out how to be the mother he deserved. Logan and I left the hospital together the next morning. Logan is in Iraq fighting for freedom and I came home to the mountains I love.

Negative effects of Social media Essay

1.Intro – Negative Effects of social media A. Raise your hand if you use any type of social media? I.e.: twitter Facebook Instagram (Get audience involved) B. Negative effects of social media C. I am going to inform you of things you might not know about the harmful effects of social media D. This topic can affect you in your social life & physiologically. E. Today I am going to focus on the negative effects on you and social skills, the effect on your relationship& beauty. see more:positive effects of social media on teens 2. Body A. Changing who you are – laziness – becoming more of an introvert, if you are already more of an introvert you are basically losing all social skills B. Relationship – becoming addicted to social media – Ruining relationships professional and intimate C. Pre conceived idea of â€Å"beauty† – promoting conform – suggest drastic unhealthy ways to â€Å"fit in† i.e.: thigh gap epidemic 3. Conclusion A. (review A-C) B. Reinforce negative the effects C. social life & physiologically. D. I hope you all have a better understanding and realize how effective interacting really is to a person. After all we depend on it†¦ Works Cited Taylor, Julia. The Body Image Workbook for Teens: Activities to Help Girls Develop a Healthy Body Image in an Image-Obsessed World. Print. Jung, Brian. â€Å"smallbusiness.chron.com.† . N.p.. Web. 2 Apr 2014. . Tennant, Kyle. Unfriend Yourself: Three Days to Detox . Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2012. Print. Gilbert, Roberta. Extraordinary Relationships: A New Way of Thinking About Human Interactions. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Inc., Print. Informative Speech Who here by a show of hands has any type of social media or gets on the internet on a daily basis? Now I wonder how many of the same people who raised their hand knows the reality of the negative effects of social media. Today I hope to show something you never really would have thought twice about. Although this doesn’t seem like a big deal trust me when I say this can affect you socially physiologically. More specific to the negative effects on you and your social skills, the effect on relationships personal and professional, and beauty in an image obsessed world. The term â€Å"social media† is an oxymoron. There is nothing social about tapping into cyberspace. The addictive activity doesn’t promote real interaction with other human beings. It isolates individuals. Engaging in social media is the opposite of being social. The dictionary defines this as â€Å"relating to or involving activities in which people spend time talking to each other or doing enjoyable things with each other.† Being social means enjoying the companionship of friends and associates. It means forming cooperative and interdependent relationships, preferring community to living alone. But those who live for social media connections don’t need community in the traditional sense. They can text, email, tweet, and post by themselves. They can connect with Facebook â€Å"friends† and never leave home. Actual  face-to-face conversation with actual eye contact is unnecessary. Instant messaging makes personal contact irrelevant. The book Unfriend Yourself: Three Days to Detox by Kyle Tennant â€Å"Now let’s be clear I have Facebook account and I check it 3 to 5 times daily so I haven’t given up on social medial entirely but what I have come to see is that one of the dominant cultural metaphors of our time is not to be trusted nor is it to be lauded. In fact it may be our generation’s greatest enemy. Though social media promise us relationships and community, they may in truth be promising a lie. â€Å" This could clearly be linked to the dangers of false relationship online social media can bring also can be known as cat fish. We as human being need real human interaction to have any type of communication or social skills. An article called -The Negative Effect of Social Media on Society and Individuals by Brian Jung, says that social media gives us a false sense of connection and decreased productivity in the workplace. A False Sense of Connection According to Cornell University’s Steven Strogatz, social media sites can make it make it more difficult for us to distinguish between the meaningful relationships we foster in the real world, and the numerous casual relationships formed through social media. By focusing so much of our time and psychic energy on these less meaningful relationships, our most important connections, he fears, will weaken. Decreased Productivity while many businesses use social networking sites to find and communicate with clients, the sites can also prove a great distraction to employees Wired.com posted two studies which demonstrated damage to productivity caused by social networking Social media is causing us as humans to have very little to no real interaction. I think Roberta M. Gilbert says it best in her book about human interaction called â€Å"Extraordinary Relationships: A New Way of Thinking about Human Interactions†. She says that It would be difficult to overestimate the  importance of human relationship. If love does not make the world go, then surely relationships do. Now im sure we all know or someone have heard of the effects of social media and how if creates an unhealthy body image. In the book -The Body Image Workbook for Teens: Activities to Help Girls Develop a Healthy Body Image in an Image-Obsessed World by Julia V. Taylor MA  it states that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Like most teens; you want to feel good about the way you look. But what happens when the way you look just doesn’t feel good enough? Whether it’s online, on TV, or in magazines, images of thin, beautiful—and often Photo shopped—young women are everywhere. As a result, you may feel an intense pressure to be â€Å"perfect.† Hope that you take away a new idea of how social media is really affecting you, whether it be social skills ruining and relationship or giving yourself a bad body image, you now have a better knowledge of how it can affect you and other people around you.