Chromatography Experiment Essay Example for Free

Chromatography Experiment Essay Aim: To identify different unknown amino acids, within given substances. Apparatus: List 1 List 2 * 2 test tubes * Test tube rack * 2 bungs * 2 pins * 5 known amino acids: * Proline * Leucine * Lycine * Asparagine * Arginine * 1 unknown amino acid * Paper Chromatography * Paper Solvent * Pencil * Ruler * Tweezers * Paper Towel * Pipette * Ninhydrin * Incubator * Scissors * 1 Jam Jar * Treated Orange Juice * Untreated Orange Juice * TLC * TLC Solvent * Pencil * Ruler * Tweezers * Pipette * Paper Towel * Ninhydrin * Incubator Diagram 1: Diagram 2: Method (Part 1): * Cut 2 strips of paper chromatography using tweezers and scissors while resting on paper towel * Measure 1cm from bottom of strip and draw a line across * Draw a cross in the centre of this line * Attach a pin to the top of the chromatography paper, and put pin in bung * Place inside test tube, and measure 5mm from where the bottom of the paper lies, draw a line across the test tube * Do the same with both strips * On the cross put 10 drops of a known amino acid, wait for each drop to dry in between * On other strip put 10 drops of unknown amino acid * Pour paper solvent into both test tubes up to line drawn * Put bung in both test tubes, let solvent work its way up chromatography paper * When near top of paper, take out, and draw line across where solvent has reached. Method (Part 2): * Place TLC on paper towel, draw line across at 1cm from bottom * Draw 2 crosses each 1/4 way across line * On 1st cross put 10 drops of treated orange juice, letting each drop dry in between * On second dot put 10 drops of untreated orange juice * Pour TLC solvent into bottom of jam jar * Using tweezers place TLC into jam jar * Let TLC soak up solvent * When nearly at top take out and draw solvent line across Method (Part 3): * Take the results of method part 1 and 2 and spray all with ninhydrin spray * Place in incubator until amino acids can be seen * Draw lines across where colours end, and work out Rf values for all lines Results Chromatograms: Results Table: Rf value = distance moved by solvent / distance moved by solvent front My Results Solvent Front Substance Front Rf value Treated Orange 4.6 1.8, 2.8, 3.3 0.39, 0.61, 0.72 Untreated Orange 4.7 0.5, 2.0, 2.6, 3.0 0.11, 0.43, 0.55, 0.64 Leucine 7.9 4.7 0.59 Unknown 7.0 4.2, 4.8 0.60, 0.69 Class Results Calculated Rf value Average Actual Rf Proline 0.76 0.87 0.82 0.48 Leucine 0.79 0.59 0.69 0.73 Lycine 0.41 0.45 0.43 0.14 Asparagine 0.26 0.54 0.40 Arginine 0.53 0.53 0.2 Conclusion and Evaluation: From these results I can say that in the unknown substance, were two amino acids, and from what my results tell me, I can predict that they were Arginine and Leucine. The Treated orange juice appeared to have three amino acids in it, my results tell me that these are Asparagine, Arginine and Leucine. The untreated Orange Juice seemed to have four unknown amino acids, my results tell me that these were Asparagine, Lycine, Arginine and Leucine. I could tell this as I matched up the Rf values with the ones that seemed to be the closest match. I know that these results were not that accurate as I know the Rf values for four of them. For Proline the real Rf value is 0.48, but our class results got 0.76 and 0.87 with an average of 0.82. This is clearly wrong. Therefore anything that I have predicted to have Proline in, might not have it in. For Leucine the real Rf value is 0.73, and our class results are 0.79 and 0.59 with an average of 0.69. This is a very close result, so it is quite accurate. So it is likely that if I have predicted it to have Leucine in it, it probably does. For Lycine the real Rf value is 0.14, and our class values are 0.41 and 0.45, with and average of 0.43. This is not a very good match. From this I can tell that anything I have said to have Lycine in it, probably does not have it in. For Arginine the real Rf value is 0.2, and we only have one class result for that and it is 0.53 which is clearly wrong. This shows us that anything I have predicted to have Arginine in, probably wont. For Asparagine, we are not sure of the real Rf value, so I can not tell if our results are right, but guessing from the rest not being accurate, it probably is not. Saying this, not only could our results from the known amino acids be wrong, but also so could our results from the unknown amino acids, and the treated and untreated Orange Juice. This tells me that our results could have been wrong on both accounts, and so could possibly be right! We can not be sure, but we do know that the results for the known amino acids were not as accurate as they should have been. These errors could be down to a number of things. Firstly if we had touched the paper chromatography or TLC at any time we would have left our own amino acids on it, and so our experiment would have been inaccurate. It was very hard not to touch either of these while cutting, or moving to place in test tubes or in jars. It could have been very easy to accidentally touch it, thus messing up the experiment. Another way these errors could have occurred could have been down to making the amino acid drop too big, due to not waiting until it is dry enough to put another drop on. This would have meant that when put in the solvent, the dot would have been emerged in it, and made our results inaccurate. Another way an error could have occurred could be not making the dots as concentrated as they should have been, not counting enough drops of the amino acid onto the paper or TLC. This would have changed our results. Another way would be if when put in the solvent the test tube or jar moved, and splashed the paper or TLC, making the solvent front longer then it should have been, so our calculations would be inaccurate. Another way could be putting too much TLC or Paper solvent into the jar or test tube, thus emerging the dot, making more inaccuracies. If the paper chromatography had been touching the side of the test tube while the solvent was working its way up, then this would have made our results inaccurate as well. All of these errors would make our results inaccurate and less reliable. One way of making our results more accurate would be to get rid of all these errors, which is very difficult as there are so many errors that could be made during this experiment. If I were to do this experiment again, I would start by wearing some rubber gloves, so that if I did touch the paper it would not matter as much. The second thing I would change would to be more accurate when putting the dots on the paper or TLC, making sure that they are dry properly, and that they do not spread too far. Another improvement I would make would be to make sure the paper was not touching the side of the tube, to not move the tube once the paper is in, and to make sure I draw my lines as accurate as I can. Also when I measure them, I will be more precise so that my results will be a lot more accurate then they were this time round.

Internet Essay - Online Anonymity and Cyberspace Crime -- Exploratory

Online Anonymity and Cyberspace Crime The 90's internet boom gave rise to new ways of writing in through access to cyberspace. What used to be printed or handwritten on physical surfaces such as paper, cardboard, or bulletin boards has changed to 0's and 1's, bits and bytes of digitized information that can be displayed thru the projections of computer screens. Moreover, the internet has made the process of publishing one's works, writing letters, or chatting with one another much easier and convenient for everyone around the globe. The internet became a universal tool, giving much freedom and flexibility to the users; it gave them opportunity to deliver their thoughts with little or no restrictions. Since it's impossible to regulate all cyber-activities, internet users are often unrestricted by the normal laws or authorities that would set boundaries around the various online transactions. More importantly, the fact that a net user can take on different identities in cyberspace brings about several ethical and social is sues. These anonymous and unrestrictive characteristics of cyberspace often permite abusive users to easily involve themselves in serious cybercrimes such as cyberstalking, cyber-rape, and cyber-harassment through chatting services, emails, cyber communities, and other online communication. In the real world, most encounters in everyone's daily lives are anonymous ones. Chatting with a person beside you in a cafà © or talking to an assistant while shopping for a pair of pants- these are interactions between two unknown persons; however, these contacts do not affect our lives the way some of the anonymous interactions in the cyberspace does so. Chat rooms, net forums, and even the spam mails most people get u... ...sity. 10 Apr. 2004 . Diener, E., Fraser, S.C., Beaman, A. L. & Kelem, R. T. (1976). Effects of deindividuating variables on stealing by Halloween trick-or-treaters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33:178- 183. Haley, Jacqueline. "Anonymity of Cyberstalkers: The Cyber-Watchdog's Tough Collar." Georgia State University College of Law May 2001. Kabay, M. E. "Anonymity and Pseudonymity in Cyberspace: Deindividuation, Incivility and Lawlessness Versus Freedom and Privacy." Conference of European Institute for Computer Anti-virus Research 8 Mar. 1998. Post, David G. "Knock Knock Who's There?" Information Week Megazine Dec. 1995. Rowland, Diane. "Anonymity, Privacy, and Cyberspace." 15th BILETA conference 14 Apr. 2000. Springer, Claudia. Electronic Eros: Bodies and Desire in the Postindustrial Age. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1996. Internet Essay - Online Anonymity and Cyberspace Crime -- Exploratory Online Anonymity and Cyberspace Crime The 90's internet boom gave rise to new ways of writing in through access to cyberspace. What used to be printed or handwritten on physical surfaces such as paper, cardboard, or bulletin boards has changed to 0's and 1's, bits and bytes of digitized information that can be displayed thru the projections of computer screens. Moreover, the internet has made the process of publishing one's works, writing letters, or chatting with one another much easier and convenient for everyone around the globe. The internet became a universal tool, giving much freedom and flexibility to the users; it gave them opportunity to deliver their thoughts with little or no restrictions. Since it's impossible to regulate all cyber-activities, internet users are often unrestricted by the normal laws or authorities that would set boundaries around the various online transactions. More importantly, the fact that a net user can take on different identities in cyberspace brings about several ethical and social is sues. These anonymous and unrestrictive characteristics of cyberspace often permite abusive users to easily involve themselves in serious cybercrimes such as cyberstalking, cyber-rape, and cyber-harassment through chatting services, emails, cyber communities, and other online communication. In the real world, most encounters in everyone's daily lives are anonymous ones. Chatting with a person beside you in a cafà © or talking to an assistant while shopping for a pair of pants- these are interactions between two unknown persons; however, these contacts do not affect our lives the way some of the anonymous interactions in the cyberspace does so. Chat rooms, net forums, and even the spam mails most people get u... ...sity. 10 Apr. 2004 . Diener, E., Fraser, S.C., Beaman, A. L. & Kelem, R. T. (1976). Effects of deindividuating variables on stealing by Halloween trick-or-treaters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33:178- 183. Haley, Jacqueline. "Anonymity of Cyberstalkers: The Cyber-Watchdog's Tough Collar." Georgia State University College of Law May 2001. Kabay, M. E. "Anonymity and Pseudonymity in Cyberspace: Deindividuation, Incivility and Lawlessness Versus Freedom and Privacy." Conference of European Institute for Computer Anti-virus Research 8 Mar. 1998. Post, David G. "Knock Knock Who's There?" Information Week Megazine Dec. 1995. Rowland, Diane. "Anonymity, Privacy, and Cyberspace." 15th BILETA conference 14 Apr. 2000. Springer, Claudia. Electronic Eros: Bodies and Desire in the Postindustrial Age. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1996.

Identify how you would beta test a multimedia project for delivery Essay

Beta testing is a test for a computer product prior to commercial release may it be an application software, an operating system or a multimedia product. It is a stage where in the product is put into a larger community after a rigorous in house test. To some, it is also a way of knowing how well the community responds to the product. Beta testing is the last stage of testing, the last possibility to correct errors that would render a product priceless to customers. And because of this, beta testing of multimedia products is in essence a difficult task. PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to present a strategy to beta test a multimedia product. It presents possible alternatives that would yield the best result. BETA TESTING STRATEGY In the past, beta testing is used to be a secret. Beta testing is given to a group carefully selected by the company who owns the product to be tested. The fear that finding a considerable amount of bug might diminish customer interest was the old belief. Now, the perspective has changed. Beta testing is already considered an important marketing tool (Nelson & O’Connor, 2004). It increases the popularity of the multimedia product. The best strategy therefore is to make it available for free in the beta testing phase. The first step is to advertise the beta software and provide links to beta version download. Then provide a feedback center for them to comment on observable bugs. Providing the beta version free has many advantages. First, it is very cost effective because you do not have to spend money for hiring a group of people to beta test the software. You may have to spend a certain amount to accelerate interest by providing rewards to people with most important bugs found or by advertising the beta download locations, but these are small compared to hiring an entire group. Second, it is the best way to reach the most number of beta testers. The number of beta testers is directly proportional to how effective the beta testing would be. Third, providing it for free is a way of advertising the software to gain more users. The finding of bugs is just one part of beta testing, there should also be a way for users to provide suggestions. Suggestions are very important to make the multimedia product more acceptable to the market. The suggestions and reported bugs should be monitored on daily basis. Suggestions should be evaluated of whether there is a plan to include it or not. Reported bugs should also be evaluated of whether it is connected to some other bugs or it is really a bug. Then an update release should be available on a periodic basis, for example a monthly update until the reported bugs are already tolerable or it is already completely bug free. The end result of this methodology should produce a very robust multimedia product. If the multimedia product gains public acceptance, the number of users who will beta test this product would also be many. This will give the developer an early view of whether the multimedia product would become profitable. Although there are some possible drawbacks, the beta software should also be given some licensing limitations to prevent users from simply using the beta version instead of the final version. An example would be a pop-up of the reminder to purchase license when the beta period expires. CONCLUSION Multimedia products undergo beta testing to ensure good quality. The best approach in beta testing is to make it free and available for public download at the beta version stage. This would increase its popularity and the cost of beta testing would be minimal. References Nelson, T. and O’Connor, M. (2004). Beta Software: Get In the Development Process. Retrieved from the PC Today website: http://www. pctoday. com/Editorial/article. asp? article=articles/2004/t0205/20t05/20t05. asp&guid= , on January 24, 2007

PEGASIS Research Papers - 1103 Words

S. Lindsey et al. [6] in this thesis, proposed PEGASIS (Power effective assembling in sensor data networks), a covetous chain protocol which settle the data-gathering issue of the WSNs. The primary concern is for every node to get from and transmit to close neighbors and alternate being the pioneer for transmission to the base station. S. Yi, et al [7] in this thesis, proposed PEGASIS (Power- efficient gathering in sensor data networks), a greedy protocol for expanding the network lifetime of the WSNs. Clustering protocols enable sensor nodes to lessen data packets by data aggregation on WSN. A. Manjeshwar et al [8] in this thesis, proposed TEEN (Threshold sensitive energy effective sensor network protocol) which is the principal†¦show more content†¦O. Younis et al [11] in this theory, depicted HEED (Hybrid vitality proficient appropriated clustering protocol) in which provisional cluster heads are haphazardly chosen in light of their leftover vitality. In this manner, HEED cant guarantee optimal head selection as far as energy, since it utilizes the auxiliary parameter to take care of the issues. Z. A. Eu, et al [12] in this thesis, proposed HEEP (Powered by encompassing energy harvesting) and enhanced network execution utilizing routing algorithm and enhances hand-off node position conspire for WSNs. M. Younis, et al [13] in this proposal, exhibited an approach for vitality mindful and setting mindful routing protocol of data. The researchers for the most part centered around the modification of topology and the routing component. Data is routed through numerous hops in order to preserve transmission energy. T. Camilo et al [14] in this thesis, proposed EEABR (Energy efficient ant based routing) which depends on the Ant Colony Optimization heuristic. At first the forward ants are sent to no particular destination node, which implies that sensor nodes must speak with each other and the routing tables of each node must contain the distinguishing proof of all the sensor nodes in the area and the correspondent levels of pheromone trail. A. Chakraborty, et al [16] in this thesis, proposed an Optimized Lifetime Enhancement Scheme which shows increasedShow MoreRelatedRevised Multi Chain Pegasis For Wireless Sensor Networks2150 Words   |  9 PagesRevised Multi-chain PEGASIS for Wireless Sensor Networks Deepak Sethi1, Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2 1,2 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Mody University of Science Technology, Laxmangarh, Sikar Rajasthan, India- 332311 1deepaksethi@live.in 2hereispartha@gmail.com Abstract: In wireless sensor network, sensor nodes have limited power back-up. So, the main issue is to increase the network lifetime. The multi-chain concept in PEGASIS and sink mobility increases the network lifetime in wirelessRead MoreNetwork Product Development Company : Security Issue1280 Words   |  6 Pagesand technologies for the similar environment can flawlessly integrate classical networks with network devices. In this paper, I am going to provide systematic details of data mining, analysis and outlier analysis. The new analytic application will be also consider after successful delivery of required result. This literature review also provides a different perspective of Research topic’s Journal. The objective of this literature review will be providing services to IoT based business. These servicesRead MoreAnalysis Of Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols2279 Words   |  10 Pagesshalabhgreat1@gmail.com Dipesh Rai Computer Engineering Department IMS Engineering College Ghaziabad, India dipeshrai111@gmail.com Shashank Dixit Computer Engineering Department IMS Engineering College Ghaziabad, India shiva.imsec@gmail.com Abstract—this paper attempts to describe a literature review of Wireless Sensor Network routing protocols. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions and to cooperatively pass theirRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagessystem is taken as purely sidereal, then it cannot be fixed to any particular point and will shift gradually every year; if the marker stars are used, precessional slippage means that the star that is currently closest to 0 ° Aries is Scheat (Beta Pegasi; which will reach the exact longitude of the Spring Equinox in 2045), one of the markers of Al Fargh al Mukdin, the First Water Spout. An example of the confusing situation, based on one of the clearer and better known stars, Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran)

Timeline of the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya

The Mau Mau Rebellion was a militant African nationalist movement active in Kenya during the 1950s. Its primary goal was the overthrowing British rule and removing European settlers from the country.  The uprising grew out of anger over British colonial policies, but much of the fighting was between the Kikuyu people, the largest ethnic group in Kenya, making up about 20% of the population.   Inciting Incidents The four main causes of the revolt were:Low wagesAccess to landFemale genital mutilation (FGM)Kipande: identity cards that black workers had to submit to their white employers, who sometimes refused to return them or even destroyed the cards, making it incredibly difficult for workers to apply for other employmentKikuyu were pressured to take the Mau Mau oath by militant nationalists who were opposed by the conservative elements of their society. While the British believed Jomo Kenyatta to be the overall leader, he was a moderate nationalist threatened by more militant nationalists, who continued the rebellion after his arrest. 1951 August: Mau Mau Secret Society Rumored Information was filtering in about secret meetings held in the forests outside Nairobi. A secret society called the Mau Mau was believed to have started in the previous year which required its members to take an oath to drive the white man from Kenya. Intelligence suggested that members of the Mau Mau were restricted at the time to the Kikuyu tribe, many of whom were arrested during burglaries in Nairobis white suburbs. 1952 August 24: Curfew Imposed The Kenyan government imposed a curfew in three districts on the outskirts of Nairobi where gangs of arsonists, believed to be members of the Mau Mau, were setting fire to the homes of Africans who refused to take the oath. October 7: Assassination Senior Chief Waruhiu was assassinated, stabbed to death by a spear in broad daylight on a main road on the outskirts of Nairobi. He had recently spoken out against increasing Mau Mau aggression against colonial rule. October 19: The British Send Troops The British government announced that it would send troops to Kenya to help the fight against the Mau Mau. October 21: State of Emergency With the imminent arrival of British troops, the Kenyan government declared a state of emergency following a month of increasing hostility. More than 40 people were murdered in Nairobi during the preceding four weeks and the Mau Mau, officially declared terrorists, acquired firearms to use alongside more traditional pangas. As part of the overall clampdown, Kenyatta, President of the Kenya African Union, was arrested for alleged Mau Mau involvement. October 30: Arrests of Mau Mau Activists British troops were involved in the arrest of over 500 suspected Mau Mau activists. November 14: Schools Closed Thirtyfour schools in Kikuyu tribal areas are closed as a measure to restrict the actions of Mau Mau activists. November 18: Kenyatta Arrested Kenyatta, the countrys leading nationalist leader, was charged with managing the Mau Mau terrorist society in Kenya. He was flown to a remote district station, Kapenguria, which reportedly had no telephone or rail communications with the rest of Kenya, and was held there incommunicado. November 25: Open Rebellion The Mau Mau declared open rebellion against British rule in Kenya. In response, British forces arrested over 2000 Kikuyu who they suspect of being Mau Mau members. 1953 January 18: Death Penalty for Administering Mau Mau Oath Governor-general Sir Evelyn Baring imposed the death penalty for anyone who administers the Mau Mau oath. The oath would often be forced upon a Kikuyu tribesman at knife point,  and his death was called for if he failed to kill a European farmer when ordered. January 26: White Settlers Panic and Take Action Panic spread through the Europeans in Kenya after the slaying of a white settler farmer and his family. Settler groups, displeased with the governments response to the increasing Mau Mau threat, created Commando Units to deal with it. Baring announced a new offensive under the command of Major-General William Hinde. Amongst those speaking out against the Mau Mau threat and the governments inaction was Elspeth Huxley, who compared Kenyatta to Hitler in a recent newspaper article (and would author The Flame Trees of Thika in 1959). April 1: British Troops Kill Mau Maus in Highlands British troops kill 24 Mau Mau suspects and capture an additional 36 during deployments in the Kenyan highlands. April 8: Kenyatta Sentenced Kenyatta is sentenced to seven years hard labor along with five other Kikuyu detained at Kapenguria. April 10-17: 1000 Arrested An additional 1000 Mau Mau suspects were arrested around the capital Nairobi. May 3: Murders Nineteen Kikuyu members of the Home Guard were murdered by the Mau Mau. May 29: Kikuyu Cordoned Off Kikuyu tribal lands were ordered to be cordoned off from the rest of Kenya to prevent Mau Mau activists from circulating to other areas. July: Mau Mau Suspects Killed Another 100 Mau Mau suspects were killed during British patrols in Kikuyu tribal lands. 1954 January 15: Mau Mau Leader Captured General China, the second in command of the Mau Maus military efforts, was wounded and captured by British troops. March 9: More Mau Mau Leaders Captured Two more Mau Mau leaders were secured: General Katanga was captured and General Tanganyika surrendered to British authority. March: British Plan The great British plan to end the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya was presented to the countrys legislature. General China, captured in January, was to write to the other terrorist leaders and suggest that nothing further could be gained from the conflict and that they should surrender to British troops waiting in the Aberdare foothills. April 11: Failure of the Plan British authorities in Kenya admitted that the General China operation legislature failed. April 24: 40,000 Arrested Over 40,000 Kikuyu tribesmen were arrested by British forces, including 5000 Imperial troops and 1000 Policemen, during widespread, coordinated dawn raids. May 26: Treetops Hotel Burned The Treetops Hotel, where  Princess Elizabeth  and her husband were staying when they heard of King George VIs death and her succession to the throne of England, was burnt down by Mau Mau activists. 1955 January 18: Amnesty Offered Baring offered an amnesty to Mau Mau activists if they would surrender. They would still face imprisonment but wouldnt suffer the death penalty for their crimes. European settlers were up in arms at the leniency of the offer. April 21: Murders Continue Unmoved by the Barings amnesty offer, the Mau Mau killings continued with two English schoolboys killed. June 10: Amnesty Withdrawn Britain withdrew the offer of amnesty to the Mau Mau. June 24: Death Sentences With the amnesty withdrawn, British authorities in Kenya proceeded with the death sentence for nine Mau Mau activists implicated in the deaths of the two schoolboys. October: Death Toll Official reports said that more than 70,000 Kikuyu tribesmen suspected of Mau Mau membership were imprisoned, while over 13,000 people were killed by British troops and Mau Mau activists over the previous three years. 1956 January 7: Death Toll The official death toll for Mau Mau activists killed by British forces in Kenya since 1952 was said to be 10,173. February 5: Activists Escape Nine Mau Mau activists escaped from  Mageta  island prison camp in Lake Victoria. 1959 July: British Opposition Attacks The deaths of 11 Mau Mau activists held at Hola Camp in Kenya were cited as part of opposition attacks on the U.K. government over its role in Africa. November 10: State of Emergency Ends The state of emergency ended in Kenya. 1960 January 18: Kenyan Constitutional Conference Boycotted The Kenyan Constitutional Conference in London was boycotted by African nationalist leaders. April 18: Kenyatta Released In return for Kenyattas release, African nationalist leaders agreed to take a role in Kenyas government. 1963 December 12 Kenya became independent seven years after the collapse of the uprising. Legacy and Aftermath Many argue that the Mau Mau uprising helped catalyze decolonization as it showed that colonial control could only be maintained through the use of extreme force. The moral and financial cost of colonization was a growing issue with British voters, and the Mau Mau revolt brought those issues to a head. However, the fighting between Kikuyu communities made their legacy contentious within Kenya. The colonial legislation outlawing the Mau Mau defined them as terrorists, a designation that remained in place until 2003, when the Kenyan government revoked the law. The government has since established monuments celebrating Mau Mau rebels as national heroes. In 2013, the British government formally apologized for the brutal tactics it used to suppress the uprising and agreed to pay approximately  £20 million in compensation to surviving victims of abuse.

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1077 Words

In the novel of To Kill a Mockingbird, we learn about the Finch family and also a few other characters that all play pivotal roles in how the story plays out. Scout, the main protagonist in the story, learns about a character named â€Å"Boo† Radley from her friend Dill. Scout, Dill, and her brother Jem set out to lure Boo Radley out of hiding and into the open. All of the rumors consisted of grotesque descriptions describing the facial features of Boo. They were trying to get the monster out of the dark. Through the time they are investigating Boo, they find that Boo has been leaving them presents in a hole in a tree on Boo Radley’s property. The children get a little out of hand when they begin to act out the story of Boo Radley. Atticus†¦show more content†¦Scout changes substantially during the story. Scout loses her innocence and becomes more outgoing and she becomes more empathetic to the world around her. By the end, Scout Finch will have matured beyond all expectations. Will she truly forgive others for their actions, or will she continue to hold grudges over the people around her? The innocence of a child can only be kept for so long, until eventually, the child begins making mistakes and learning from their own experiences. Parents are truly here for guidance until we can walk on our own two feet. Scout Finch makes her own experiences at a very young age. At the start of the novel Scout says from the get-go that she is almost 6 years old. Scout begins telling the story of how their friend Dill came and played with her and her brother, Jem, that summer. Dill throws them into a whirlwind of new ideas and stories. Eventually Dill convinces Scout and Jem to attempt to convince their neighborhood recluse to come out of hiding. Scout learns from the experiences with Boo Radley and even becomes friends with people she never dreamed of being friends with. Scout’s experiences with Dill, Boo, and her father, Atticus, allow her to learn to trust others and not judge a book by its cover. Why do we feel sorry for others even when it is not our fault? It comes from our inner belief that they don’t deserve it and it otherwise leads us to question the circumstances of others. We begin to feel empathy for someone because we

The Crucible Free Essays

string(65) " use one of the following details to support their responses: a\." The Crucible Act Four Questions Short Response Answer the following questions based on your knowledge of the drama. Write a response on a separate sheet of paper. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Where does Tituba think that the Devil is going to take her? 2. Give one example of how Abigail shows her dishonesty in this act. 3. What effect do the trials have on Salem? Use three details from the drama to support your answer. 4. When first arrives at the Salem jail, Danforth complains, â€Å"There is a prodigious stench in this place. How might this line be read to mean something besides a comment on the smell? 5. How is Giles Corey’s character reflected in his death? Use one detail from the drama to support your response. 6. What qualities does Proctor find within himself that prevent him from at last saving himself and signing the confession? Use details from the text to support your response. 7. Explain how Proctor is right or wrong for refusing to sign the confession. Use details to support your response. 8. A tragic hero’s fate, according to Aristotle, inspires pity and horror. Name the tragic hero in The Crucible, and describe how his or her fate inspires both pity and horror. 9. People accused of being Communists had a difficult time getting jobs; some even moved out of the United States in order to try to resume normal lives. How is Proctor’s situation like that of the people accused of Communist activities? 10. Based on the conversation involving Tituba, Sarah Good, and Herrick at the beginning of Act IV of The Crucible, what obsession of the day is weighing heavily on these characters? 11. In Act IV of The Crucible, Cheever comments on the â€Å"many cows wanderin’ the highroads, now their masters are in jail and much disagreement who they will belong to now. † What does the report of wandering cows symbolize about the effects of the witch trails on the society of Salem? 12. In Act IV of The Crucible, Parris complains to Danforth about the disappearance of Abigail and her apparent theft of his savings, as well as about the signs of growing discontent in the community over the wave of executions. Why does Danforth respond to him with contempt? 13. In Act IV of The Crucible, what does Danforth’s determination to proceed immediately with the executions symbolize about the nature the legal system? Explain your answer. 14. In Act IV of The Crucible, there are reports that the people of Andover have refused to cooperate with the witchcraft court there. What can the reader infer about the citizens of Andover from these reports? 15. In Act IV of The Crucible, it is evident that Elizabeth Proctor has changed during her imprisonment. How has she changed? Explain your answer, citing details from the text to support your answer. 6. In The Crucible, the line between religious and governmental authority is easily blurred and sometimes nonexistent. How is the relationship between church and state different in the present-day United States from the way it was at the time of The Crucible? 17. In Act IV of The Crucible, John Proctor anguishes over having his signed confession made public. In what respect is Proctor’s determinatio n to preserve his good name, and his resulting tragic downfall, an echo of the McCarthy era of the 1950s? 18. One definition of the word crucible is â€Å"a severe test. Use the chart below to identify the key way in which each of the listed characters is tested by the events of The Crucible. Then, in the right-hand column, indicate whether that character passed or failed the â€Å"test. † 19. Thinking About the Essential Question: How does literature shape or reflect society? A classic theme of literature in general—and of The Crucible in particular—is the conflict that can arise between a person’s individual ideals and principles on the one hand and the expectations of society on the other. Discuss this theme as it applies to two major characters in The Crucible. Support your answer with details from the play. The Crucible Act Four Questions Answer Section 1. ANS: Tituba says that the Devil is going to take her to Barbados where he is the â€Å"pleasureman† and there is no Hell (lines 30–32). PTS:10 2. ANS: Responses will vary. Students may use one of he following details to show Abigail’s dishonesty in this act: a. She has disappeared with Mercy Lewis, perhaps on a ship (lines 142–160). b. She has stolen Parris’s money from his strongbox (lines 161–165). PTS:10 3. ANS: Responses will vary. Students may say that the trials have negatively affected Salem because the trials themselves have raised suspicion, families are being torn apart, work is not getting done, and people are turning on each other over property. Students may use three of the following details to support their responses: a. Cheever explains that cows wander around town because their owners are in jail (lines 108–112 and 298–299). b. Townspeople fight over who now owns the cows (lines 108–112). c. Parris fears that the people in Salem will riot because many people being hanged have not confessed to guilt. Their friends and neighbors know them as good people, so they think that innocent people are being hanged (lines 190–194 and 203–210). d. Children who are now orphans because their parents have been executed or put in jail wander the town looking for food and shelter (lines 297–298). e. Crops are not harvested because the farmers are in jail or dead (lines 299–300). f. People are afraid because they do not know if or when they will be accused next (lines 300–301). PTS:20 4. ANS: Students should say that the â€Å"stench† represents the rotten treatment the innocent people of Salem have experienced at the hands of a court that thinks itself just PTS:10 5. ANS: Responses will vary. Students should say that Giles’s intelligence and stubbornness as well as his faith are reflected in his death. Students may use one of the following details to support their responses: a. You read "The Crucible" in category "Essay examples" He showed stubbornness when he stood mute to the indictment (line 447). b. He showed intelligence and faith when he died â€Å"Christian under the law† (line 450). c. Because he did not answer the indictment, his sons inherited his property (lines 450– 453). By allowing his sons to inherit his land, Giles illustrated intelligence. d. When they pressed him with stones, he only said, â€Å"More weight† (lines 457–460). Giles’ lack of fear shows his stubbornness. PTS:10 6. ANS: [B-Test] Responses will vary. Students may say that in spite of Proctor believing he is no saint, the examples of Elizabeth and Rebecca Nurse force him to look at himself as less than a saint. However, when he must tarnish his own name and abandon his friends, he finds the strength and goodness to refuse their demands. He finally sees himself as having some good. Students may use the following details to support their responses: a. He finds honesty when he says he cannot die like a saint (lines 479–485). b. He says it is a fraud for him to go like a saint like the others (lines 543–549). c. He says that if his action is evil, it is appropriate for him to confess his guilt (lines 555–559). d. He finally signs his name because he feels he is not good enough to die with the others but refuses to condemn his friends (lines 674–719). e. Proctor is too honest to accuse anyone else of witchcraft (lines 653–655). f. He finds strength when he says he has given Danforth his soul but will not give the court his name (lines 725–730). g. He tears up his confession, finally sees goodness in himself, and is ready to face death (lines 745–761). PTS:20 7. ANS: [C-Test] Responses will vary. Some students may say that Proctor is right to refuse to sign the confession because it is a lie and it may condemn others. Students who support Proctor’s decision may use the following details to support their responses: a. He knows that confessing to witchcraft is confessing to a lie (lines 488–489) and he does not want to give in to the evil men who force him to choose. b. Danforth tries to force Proctor to name other people as having pacts with the Devil, but Proctor knows that he cannot condemn his friends or other innocent people (lines 637– 638). . He refuses to let Danforth and the others use him as an example in the village (lines 699–701). Other students may say that Proctor is wrong to refuse to sign the confession because he gives up his life and possibly ruins the lives of his family members in return. Students who do not support Proctor’s decision may use the following details to support the ir responses: a. His wife Elizabeth is pregnant and needs his help with another child (lines 272–273), especially as she may still be executed after she delivers the child that she is carrying. b. He is leaving behind children who cannot take care of themselves, especially because his wife is in jail (lines 419–421). c. He only seems worried about his pride. He lets pride stop him from going all the way and signing the confession, explaining that he cannot face his children if he turns his friends in, though it would be better if he was alive for his children (lines 688–689, 699–701, and 703–704). PTS:20 8. ANS: Answers will vary. Following is one possible answer: Mr. Proctor is a tragic hero. After Mr. Proctor’s indiscretion with Abigail, he refuses to yield to temptation again. He turns his attention to his wife and is faithful to her. When he is doomed, no matter what decision he makes, one can only pity him. Proctor is led by honorable principles and motives. When this innocent man dies protecting his and his family’s honor, the audience is horrified. PTS:21KEY:analyze | character | The Crucible, Act 4 9. ANS: Answers will vary. Following is one possible answer: During the height of the McCarthy era, many professionals, including numerous writers and entertainers, were refused work. Careers were shattered and talented people went without a livelihood. Like those innocents, Mr. Proctor seals his fate should he sign a false testimony. To discuss his confession is one thing; to see his name signed to lies is another. Would he be able to make a living? Would he have the trust of his community? His name, like the names of many of McCarthy’s victims, would evoke distrust and disgrace if he signed a false confession. PTS:20KEY:analyze | character | The Crucible, Act 4 10. ANS: All three of the characters speak of the Devil and/or Hell. PTS:1 11. ANS: The wandering cows symbolize the chaos and disintegration of the social order of Salem that has resulted from the witch trials. PTS:1 12. ANS: Danforth regards Parris as a selfish man, someone who is interested mainly in his own well-being and his own reputation. He sees that Parris is now wavering about the executions not because of any principle, but because there is evidence that there is dissatisfaction with the witch hunt in the town that could cost Parris his reputation and job. PTS:1 13. ANS: Danforth’s determination to proceed immediately with the executions symbolizes the imperfection of the machinery of the law. It shows that the legal system can sometimes enforce or perpetuate injustice. PTS:1 14. ANS: The reader can infer that the citizens of Andover are resisting the kind of hysteria that has befallen Salem. PTS:1 15. ANS: She has become less harsh in her judgment of others. Her final comment of the play exemplifies this change. PTS:1 16. ANS: Now the separation between church and state is much clearer and better defined than it was at the time of The Crucible. In fact, it is a basic part of the U. S. Constitution and legal system. PTS:1 17. ANS: During the McCarthy investigations of the 1950s, reputations and lives were ruined by people who â€Å"named names† or confessed to irresponsible allegations just to save themselves. PTS:1 18. ANS: Sample answers: Reverend Parris–whether he is true to the Christian ideals of his calling as a minister–fails, (because he promotes a hysteria of lying and death, and proves more concerned about his own welfare than the welfare of others). Reverend Hale–whether he is true to the Christian ideals of his calling as a minister–passes (because he struggles with his conscience and comes down on the side of truth and justice to resist the hysteria of the witch trials). Judge Danforth–whether he is an impartial and fair judge and enforcer of the law–passes and fails (shows a minimal amount of respect for proper legal procedure, but proves more interested in swift justice than finding out the truth and attaining true justice). Elizabeth Proctor–whether she will value the truth over her personal well-being—passes (because she refuses to admit to being a witch to save herself and with good intentions lies at the end to try to help her husband). John Proctor–whether he will risk his life to uphold true Christian ideals–passes (he refuses to admit to the false accusations against him; even though he wavers at the end, he triumphs by refusing to sign a public declaration, even though this act of conscience costs him his life). PTS:1 19. ANS: Students might note that John refuses to implicate others despite the intense pressures from the court to do so. Students may also say that he is ashamed of his actions earlier in the play and is trying make up for her earlier lack of moral courage. They might also note that Elizabeth resists pressure from Hale to try to persuade John to save his life by falsely confessing to the charges, for she realizes that standing for honor and conscience are too important to trade in at any price, even one’s life. Students might also note that the Reverend Hale is torn between his loyalty to the court and official religious doctrine and his understanding that many of the witchcraft accusations are unjust and based on lies—a conflict between loyalty to church/community and individual conscience. PTS:1 How to cite The Crucible, Essay examples The Crucible Free Essays â€Å"Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. †-Albert Einstein Einstein’s thougts are also found in the play by Arthur Miller, The Crucible. In The Crucible, many characters are asked to compromise their integrity in exchange for their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Proctor was one such character, but he refused to give up his integrity. He wanted to die with a good name in the eyes of the other villiagers. Another of he main characters, Abigail Williams, displays a complete lack of integrity. She lies and cheats so that she can get exactly what she wants with no regard for the safety of the other characters. During the play, John Proctor, a farmer, is faced with a decision that would ultimately lead to his death. John Proctor displays his integrity in several tough situations throughout the play. Proctor is arrested on charges of witchcraft along with his wife, Elizabeth. The people that are arrested for witchcraft live if they confess, but hang if they deny the charges, even if the charges are not truthful. This plays an important part in the testing of John’s integrity later in the play. In the beginning, we find out that Proctor had an affair with the niece of the town reverend, Abigail Williams. This displays a lack of integrity for John, but nobody knows about it until later. John shows his integrity when he confesses to this affair later in the play. At the beginnig of the play, the Proctor’s want no part in the witch trials. They get dragged into the proceedings when Abigail accuses Elizabeth of hurting her with a voodoo doll. John has integegrity when he tries to save his wife from being hanged. He gets depositions from others in the town that show how good his wife was. He has Mary Warren, who was working in the Proctor house, confess that she was the one who made the doll and stuck the needle in it. This does not work though, and Mary turns on Proctor and gets him arrested. When Proctor is in jail, he shows his integrity once again. He knows that he has the opportunity to confess to witchcraft, and this will get him out of jail. He decides to do this after he talks with his wife, even though he knows his cofession would be a lie. He actually signs the confession, but he tears it up. The judge told him that they would hang his signed confession on the door of the church for all the people to see. Proctor couldn’t stand to see that all the people would think of him as such a bad person, so he tore up the confession. He says, â€Å"I have given you my soul, leave me my name! † Proctor also sees a lack of integrity in Reverend Parris, who he believes cares more about money than his duty to God. How to cite The Crucible, Papers The Crucible Free Essays â€Å"We the jury in the above entitled action, find the defendant, Orenthal James Simpson, not guilty of the crime of murder. † This famous quote was made during the famous court case of O. J. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simpson vs. the State of California over the murder of two individuals. What made this case so famous was all the evidence the jury had that proved Simpson guilty, but was found not guilty in the end. The court, whether it be a single person or a jury, make mistakes daily. But sometimes they are not mistakes; they are acts of revenge or sympathy against that person being accused or, one of not knowing what else to do. This court room speculation is seen in Arthur Millers novel The Crucible and the film, Good Night and Good Luck. These two resources connect by a very similar plot line even thought one is factual and the other is based off of facts. The similarities and differences between main characters, John Proctor and Edward Murrow are seen by their human traits, actions they took and the results of those actions due to pressure by court cases. Edward Murrow and John Proctor are very similar by certain traits they carried while under court speculation and drama. Both men wanted to stand up for what they believed was right. They were honest men until the court and certain people wanted to take that away from them. John Proctor told the truth because unlike the court, he knew what he did and did not do. Proctor knew he was guilty of adultery but neither he nor his wife was involved in witchcraft which he was being accused of. Murrow did the exact same thing in his reporting of the McCarthy trials, he wanted people to get the truth. He would go to extraordinary lengths in reporting and drama with his company, CBS to tell the truth. One major difference in the traits of these two men was the amount of support they had. Edward Murrow was a household name that had viewers and coworkers behind him and supporting him even if their company disagreed. If Senator McCarthy verbally accused Murrow of certain Soviet actions, reporters would be right there to get evidence to clear his name. John Proctor had less of an advantage in this aspect. It was him against a town with only one woman behind him that was in jail herself. Elizabeth Proctor pushed for her husband even knowing of his affair and her being accused of witchcraft. These two men had similar traits but one key trait of support, which Proctor lacked, seemed to be a very important one in the end. Edward Murrow was reporting on falsely accused individuals while John Proctor was living it. The actions of these two men under the spotlight of accusations showed some similarities and difference between them. Both men tried to clear their name of the false accusations set before them. Murrow looked into the eyes of the camera and told America he was not involved in Soviet relations. Even the report made by Senator McCarthy of Murrow being involved in a Soviet group twenty years ago, was shot down. John Proctor tried to clear his name as well but found it difficult with the court telling him what and what not to do. These two men had differences in their actions by how they went about them. Murrow thoroughly investigated before claiming or saying anything to America. John however, not having as much support, made excuses and started accusing others of witchcraft. Proctor fell under the spell of the court and said what would make them happy just so they would stop. He soon began not following his initial idea of telling the truth which Murrow kept through out the accusations and pressures from McCarthy and his boss, the CEO of Columbia Broadcast Systems. Each of these actions made by the men caused the plot line to end with different affects felt. In the two story lines, both men were falsely accused but resulted in different endings. John Proctor was accused of witchcraft, which he tried but failed standing up for. Edward Murrow was accused of being a communist but stood up for himself creating a different ending. Proctor, unlike Murrow, did not have the power and evidence to clear his name of witchery and also had the accusation of adultery. The affects of his lack of support end with him being hanged of something he tried to prove to the court he did not do. Murrow on the other hand, had support and evidence which caused his story ending to be much different than Proctors. Due to his amount of determination and with the modern day advances he had, Murrow became a legend for his reporting especially during the McCarthy trials. He went to a new level of reporting by standing up for himself and what he knew he was not, a communist. If Proctor had the modern day media or even more support, one can only wonder how his outcome would have been affected. John Proctor and Edward Murrow, two stand out characters of two different eras, share similarities and differences in their traits, actions taken and results of those actions. These men were standing up for themselves against strongly set accusers who treated them as if they committed horrific crimes. Whether John did commit witchcraft of Edward was a communist is overshadowed by the way people accused and investigated the men or did not investigate in John’s case. The creditability of the court system is strongly questioned after reading The Crucible and watching Good Night and Good Luck and makes one wonder how trustworthy and fair are the American courts really are. How to cite The Crucible, Essay examples